Water solubihty

Acrylate CAS Registry Number Molecular weight bp, glcirr Flash poiat. Water solubihty, g/100gH2O Heat of evaporatioa, Vi Specific heat, J/g-K ... 

For addition of fertilizer to irrigation spray systems, complete water solubiHty, and hence use of the solution-type fertilizers, is essential. An additional requirement is that the fertilizer be of a composition that does not react with the normal mineral content ie, the hardness, of the irrigation water to form objectional scaling of equipment. 

Zinc Fluoride Tetrahydrate. Zinc fluoride tetrahydrate [13986-18-0] is prepared by reaction of ZnO and aqueous HF. ZnF2 4H20 has a water solubihty of about 1.6 g/100 mL solution at 25°C. Addition of HF increases the solubihty to 11.8 g/100 mL in a 29% HF solution. The tetrahydrate loses water at temperatures above 75°C. 

Of the lauryl sulfates, the triethanolamine form has the best water solubiHty. Because of this, it is available from suppHers as a clear solution at an active concentration of 40%. Its main disadvantage is discoloration during storage, ie, yeUow to amber, which limits its use in clear shampoo systems. 

Thickeners. These are used to kicrease viscosity of shampoos to achieve certain consistency characteristics ki the product, from a thickened Hquid to gels and pastes. Among the most important materials used for this purpose are the alkanolamides. The chain length of the amide alkyl group and its solubiHty ki the shampoo system are important aspects to be considered ki thek use for effects on viscosity. In general, as the chain length increases the viscosity response improves. The viscosity increase also is related to the water solubiHty of the amide the more water-soluble forms provide a lower viscosity response than the less soluble amides. 

Acid CAS Registry Number Mp, °C Water Solubihty Ethanol r ii7 a [ L... 

Fig. 2. The water solubihty of lime which decreases with rising temperatures.

Lithium hydroxide can be used for preparation of numerous lithium salts. The dominant use is the preparation of lithium stearate [4485-12-5], which is added to lubricating greases in amounts up to about 10% by weight. This salt has very low water solubiHty and extends the acceptable viscosity for the grease to both low and high temperatures (see Lubrication and lubricants). Lithium hydroxide is also used in production of dyes (62) and has been proposed as a source of lithium ion for inhibition of alkaH-aggregate expansive reactivity in concrete (63). 

Tables 4 and 5 show properties of ground mica products. For all forms of ground mica the index of refraction is 1.58 wt %, Mohs hardness is 2.5, oil absorption (Brit. Stand. 3483) is 60.75%, water solubihty (Brit. Stand. 1765) is <0.3%, the phericity factor is 0.01, and the softening point in °C is 1538. For Microni2ed and wet ground micas the brightness (green filter), pH, and apparent density in kg/m are 75, 5.2, and 160—224, respectively for dry ground mica, 66—75, 6.2, and 192—561, respectively (1).

Polymer—polymer iacompatibiHty encapsulation processes can be carried out ia aqueous or nonaqueous media, but thus far have primarily been carried out ia organic media. Core materials encapsulated tend to be polar soHds with a finite degree of water solubiHty. EthylceUulose historically has been the sheU material used. Biodegradable sheU materials such as poly(D,L-lactide) and lactide—glycoHde copolymers have received much attention. In these latter cases, the object has been to produce biodegradable capsules that carry proteias or polypeptides. Such capsules tend to be below 100 p.m ia diameter and are for oral or parenteral administration (9). 

Water solubiHty sometimes is important in determining whether water can be used to dilute or flush away flammable Hquids. However, a water solution of flammables can give off sufficient vapors to bum, eg, a 30 vol % solution of ethyl alcohol in water (60 proof) has a flash point which is only 16.6°C above that of pure ethyl alcohol (29.4°C vs 12.8°C). 

Significant use properties of poly(ethylene oxide) are complete water solubiHty, low toxicity, unique solution rheology, complexation with organic acids, low ash content, and thermoplasticity. 

Other evaluations (27,28) of environmental considerations report vapor pressure, water solubiHty, and the octanol/water partition coefficient for trimethylbenzenes. 

Low Osmolality Contrast Media. An ideal intravascular CM possesses several properties high opacity to x-rays, high water solubihty, chemical stabihty, low viscosity, low osmolahty, and high biological safety. Low cost and patentabihty are also important for commercial agents. The newer nonionic and low osmolar agents represent an advanced class of compounds in the development of x-ray contrast media. 

Magnesium oxide is a typical acid scavenger for chlorinated mbbers. Compounds containing zinc oxide or magnesium oxide may tend to swell upon immersion in water. These inorganic salts have some water solubiHty and osmotic pressure causes the vulcanizates to imbibe water to equalize pressure (8,9). As such, vulcanizates tend to sweU more in fresh (distilled) water than in salt water. To minimize water sweU, insoluble salts such as lead oxides can be substituted. Because of the health concerns associated with lead, there is much mbber industry interest in other acid acceptors, such as synthetic... 

The diesters are moderately polar and therefore are miscible with most common organic solvents. SolubiHty in water is low-to-insoluble, with dimethyl sulfate having a water solubiHty of 2.8 g/100 mL at 18.0°C (2). 

Nonaqueous phase Hquids (NAPLs) present special problems for soil and ground water cleanup. Contaminant transport through ground water depends in part on the water solubiHty of the compound. Because NAPLs cling to subsurface particles and are slow to dissolve in ground water, they hinder cleanups and prolong cleanup times. Dense nonaqueous phase Hquids (DNAPLs) migrate downward in the aquifer and can coUect in pools or pockets of the substmcture. Examples of DNAPLs are the common solvents tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) which were used extensively at many faciHties before the extent of subsurface contamination problems was realized. 

---