Other Industries

Redution of radioactivities in low level wastes using a 0.2 pm alumina membrane 

Note 20 mg/1 of copper feirocyanide and 10 mg/1 of zirconia phosphate are added to the wastes [Gumming and Turner, 1988] 

The above discussion applies to low level activity liquid wastes. Inorganic membranes have also been tested for treating medium level liquid wastes containing approximately 100 times the activity of the aforementioned low level wastes [Gutman et al., 1986]. The same type of zirconia membranes with a MWGO of 10,000 daltons used in treating low level wastes docs not perform as well (in terms of the permeate flux and decontamination factor), but can function acceptably when processing medium level wastes. The problem is particularly pronounced if there are some defects in the 

Calcinm glectrowinning in piutniiium production. A potential application of inorganic membranes in radioactive waste treatment is in the industrially practiced direct oxide reduction process. In this process plutonium oxide is calciothermit y reduced to plutonium in the presence of calcium chloride according to the following reaction  

The effluent salt is the radioactively contaminated calcium chloride saturated with calcium oxide which can not be discarded as-is. Thus it is desirable to cathodically reduce calcium oxide to calcium which can then be recycled back to the direct oxide reduction process. The primary difficulty in obtaining a cathodic calcium deposit is due to the evolution of carbonaceous anodic gases which encourage various reverse reactions in the cell leading to loss of deposited calcium. 

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Commercial lecithin is a mixture of phos-phatides and glycerides obtained in the manufacture of soya bean oil. It gives a thick yellow emulsion with water, and is widely used in the food and other industries. 

The flaw detector can be used in machine-building, metallurgy, mining extractive and other industries, also in public service and sities infrastructure. 

A new approach of partnership between client and inspection service organisations has been established primarily for the North Sea but increasingly finding application elsewhere Benefits accrue to all parties and the technical and commercial lessons learnt in the process have relevance to a wide range of other industries. 

Other compounds are of industrial value lead chromate is chrome yellow, a valued pigment. Chromium compounds are used in the textile industry as mordants, and by the aircraft and other industries for anodizing aluminum. 

Burning of any hydrocarbon (fossil fuel) or, for that matter, any organic material converts its carbon content to carbon dioxide and its hydrogen to water. Because power plants and other industries emit large amounts of carbon dioxide, they contribute to the so-called greenhouse warming effect on our planet, which causes significant en-... 

The control of carbon dioxide emission from burning fossil fuels in power plants or other industries has been suggested as being possible with different methods, of which sequestration (i.e., collecting CO2 and injecting it to the depth of the seas) has been much talked about recently. Besides of the obvious cost and technical difficulties, this would only store, not dispose of, CO2 (although natural processes in the seas eventually can form carbonates, albeit only over very long periods of time). 

Uses. Furan is utilised as a chemical building block in the production of other industrial chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals, herbicides, stabili2ers, and fine chemicals. There are a great many references to the use of furan as an intermediate in these applications. For a recent review, see Reference 104. Several of the principal uses are described below. 

Major industrial uses for chloroacetic acid are in the manufacture of cellulose ethers (mainly carboxymethylceUulose, CMC), herbicides, and thioglycolic acid. Other industrial uses include manufacture of glycine, amphoteric surfactants, and cyanoacetic acid. 

Control technology requirements vary according to the scale of operation and type of emission problem. For instance, electrostatic precipitator design requirements for fly-ash control from 1000-MW coal-fired power boilers differ from those for a chemical process operation. In the discussion that follows, priority is given to control technology for the CPI as opposed to the somewhat special needs of other industries. 

The plasticizer range alcohols are utilized primarily in plasticizers, but they also have a wide range of uses in other industrial and consumer products, as... 

Includes sewing thread, sHver knit backing, and other industrial appHcations. 

Flocculants are also used for soHd—Hquid separations in other industries such as the sugar industry (1). Recent experiments have shown flocculants to be effective soil conditioners for agricultural land, which effectively reduce mn-off and erosion (2). However, they have not been used on a large scale for this appHcation. 

X 10 J/kg(10.4 X 10 Btu/lb) in 1990. The shift in coal production toward western coal deposits also reflects the shift in coal utilization patterns (Table 7). Electric utiUties are increasing coal consumption on both absolute and percentage bases, whereas coke plants, other industrial operations, and residential and commercial coal users are decreasing use of this soHd fossil fuel. 

The sheU-and-tube exchanger is the workhorse of power, chemical, refining, and other industries (Fig. 8). One fluid flows on the inside of the tubes whereas the other fluid is flowing through the sheU and over the outside of the tubes. Baffles are used to ensure that the sheUside fluid flows across the tubes, thus inducing high heat transfer. 

Other Industrial Applications. High pressures are used industrially for many other specialized appHcations. Apart from mechanical uses in which hydrauhc pressure is used to supply power or to generate Hquid jets for mining minerals or cutting metal sheets and fabrics, most of these other operations are batch processes. Eor example, metallurgical appHcations include isostatic compaction, hot isostatic compaction (HIP), and the hydrostatic extmsion of metals. Other appHcations such as the hydrothermal synthesis of quartz (see Silica, synthetic quartz crystals), or the synthesis of industrial diamonds involve changing the phase of a substance under pressure. In the case of the synthesis of diamonds, conditions of 6 GPa (870,000 psi) and 1500°C are used (see Carbon, diamond, synthetic). 

Hydrogen is also a significant by-product of other industrial processes, such as steam pyrolysis (68) of hydrocarbons to produce ethylene (qv), eg,... 

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