Marine microalgae

Biological phenomena displayed by marine microalgae and related bioactive saturated 0-heterocycles 98YGK651. 

Other kinds of bloassays have been used to detect the presence of specific allelochemical effects (8), effects on N2 fIxatlon (9), the presence of volatile compounds (10) and of Inhibitory substances produced by marine microalgae (11). Putnam and Duke (12) have summarized the extraction techniques and bioassay methods used In allelopathy research. Recent developments In high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of allelochemlcals from plant extracts dictates the need for bloassays with sensitivity to low concentrations of compounds contained In small volumes of eluent. Einhellig at al. (13) described a bloassay using Lemna minor L. growing In tissue culture cluster dish wells that maximizes sensitivity and minimizes sample requirements. 

Daranas AH, Norte M, Fernandez JJ (2001) Toxic marine microalgae. Toxicon 39 1101-1132 DeLong EE (2005) Microbial community genomics in the ocean. Nat Rev Microbiol 3 459-469 DeLong EF, Karl DM (2005) Genomic perspectives in microbial oceanography. Nature 437 336-342... 

Jeffrey SW, MacTavish HS, Dunlap WC, Vesk M, Groenwoud K (1999) Occurrence of UVA-and UVB-absorbing compounds in 152 species (206 strains) of marine microalgae. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 189 35-51... 

Some toxicity test conditions for freshwater and marine microalgae... 

Hallegraeff GM (2003) Manual on harmful marine microalgae. Hallegraeff GM, Anderson DM, Cembella Ad (eds). UNESCO, Saint Berthevin, 25 9... 

Another commercially available product containing naturally occurring marine products is Formulaid , produced by Martek Biosciences as a nutritional supplement for infant formulas. Formulaid contains two fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), extracted from a variety of marine microalgae. ARA and DHA are the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids found in breast milk, and they are the most important fatty acids used in the development of brain gray matter. They are especially desirable for use in infant formulas because they come from nonmeat sources and can be advertised as vegetarian additives to the product. 

Marine microalgae such as Phaeocystis pouchetti produce dimethyl sulfide and release it into the air, where it can persist for hours or days. Dimethyl Sulfide is... 

M. Rigobello-Masini and J. C. Masini, Application of Modified Gian Functions and Derivative Methods to Potentiometric Acid Titration Studies of the Distribution of Inorganic Carbon Species in Cultivation Medium of Marine Microalgae, Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 448, 239. 

Murphy CD, Moore RM, White RM (2000) An Isotope Labeling Method for Determining Production of Volatile Organohalogens by Marine Microalgae. Limnol Oceanogr 45 1868... 

Petroutsos D, Katapodis P, Samiotaki M, Panayotou G, Kekos D (2008) Detoxification of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by the Marine Microalga Tetraselmis marina. Phytochemistry 69 707... 

A natural SP OKU-40 was extracted from the marine microalga Dinoflag-ellata and was found to inhibit the replication of HIV, RSV, influenza A and B viruses, measles virus, and parainfluenza viruses type 2 (PIV-2). However, it did not inhibit the replication of mumps virus or PIV-3 [98]. The action of negatively charged polysaccharides is not merely one of nonspecific inhibition of the binding of an enveloped virus to receptors. In fact, OKU-40 did not inhibit the binding of HIV or influenza A virus to the cell membrane, but it did inhibit the fusion of the membranes of HIV-infected MOLT-4 cells to those of uninfected cells and the fusion of the influenza A virus envelope to uninfected MDCK cells [99]. 

Viso, A. C., and Marty, J.C. (1993) Fatty acids from 28 marine microalgae. Phytochemistry 34, 1521-1533. 

Geider RJ, LaRoche J (2002) Redfield revisited variability of C N P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basis. Eur J Phycol 37 1-17... 

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