Carbonation process

The carbonation of wine ( vin mousseux gacei-fie ) involves artificial saturation of wine with carbon dioxide, instead of the natural CO2 developed during fermentation. Thus, the process is identical to the production of carbonated mineral water. The second fermentation, sugar addition and disgorging are omitted. However, sweetening with liqueur, corking and cork wiring are all retained. Perl wine is also a wine with artificially added carbon dioxide, which has a pressure limited to 2.5 bar, in comparison with sekt . 

Beverage Alcohol Extract Acids Sugar Minerals  

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Coal carbonization processes are generally defined according to process operating temperature. Terms are defined in Table 2. 

Carbonization process Final temperature, °C Products Processes... 

Electrolysis. GalHum can be extracted by direct electrolysis of the aluminate solution at a strongly agitated mercury cathode. The recovery from a sodium gallate solution resulting from the carbonation process is another possibiHty. This process is probably no longer operative because of the environmental problems associated with the mercury. 

Coumarone—indene or coal-tar resins, as the name denotes, are by-products of the coal carbonization process (coking). Although named after two particular components of these resins, coumarone (1) and indene (2), these resins are actually produced by the cationic polymerization of predominantly aromatic feedstreams. These feedstreams are typically composed of compounds such as indene, styrene, and their alkylated analogues. In actuaUty, there is very tittle coumarone in this type of feedstock. The fractions used for resin synthesis typically boil in the range of 150—250°C and are characterized by gas chromatography. 

Potassium Iodide. Some potassium iodide [7681-11-0] KI, is made by the iron and carbonate process similar to that used for the bromide. However, most U.S. production involves absorption of iodine in KOH. 

A.ctivated Carbonate Process. The activated carbonate process is based on absorption of CO2 by potassium carbonate (57) to give potassium bicarbonate. When the bicarbonate is heated it releases CO2, regenerating potassium carbonate. 

The original hot carbonate process developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines was found to be corrosive to carbon steel (55). Various additives have been used in order to improve the mass transfer rate as well as to inhibit corrosion. Vetrocoke, Carsol, Catacarb, Benfteld, and Lurgi processes are all activated carbonate processes. Improvements in additives and optimization of operation have made activated carbonate processes competitive with activated MDEA and nonaqueous solvent based systems. Typical energy requirements are given in Table 9. 

The hydroxide process developed by BeH Telephone Laboratories (8,9) is used by most producers (11). It is usuaHy operated at higher pressures than the carbonate process and quartz is grown at faster rates. Less precise temperature controls are needed. 

A.lkali Carbonates. The hot carbonate process was originally developed by the U.S. Bureau of Miaes, usiag aqueous 25—30 wt % solutions of potassium carbonate for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. 

Hot potassium carbonate processes are intended for the removal of carbon dioxide, or the co-removal of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. As a result of the regeneration chemistry, these hot-pot processes are not suitable for the removal of hydrogen sulfide without significant carbon dioxide also in the untreated gas stream. 

North American Chemical Co. produces borax pentahydrate and decahydrate from Seades Lake brines in both Trona and West End, California (see Chemicals frombrines). The 88 km dry lake consists of two brine layers, the analyses of which are given in Table 11. Two distinct procedures are used for the processing of upper and lower lake brines. Borax is produced in Trona from upper lake brines by an evaporative procedure involving the crystallization of potash and several other salts prior to borax crystallization as the pentahydrate (104). A carbonation process is used in West End, California to derive borate values from lower lake brines (105). Raw lower stmcture brine is carbonated to produce sodium bicarbonate, which is calcined and recrystallized as sodium carbonate monohydrate. The borate-rich filtrate is neutralized with lake brine and refrigerated to crystallize borax. 

Precipitated Calcium Carbonate. Precipitated calcium carbonate can be produced by several methods but only the carbonation process is commercially used in the United States. Limestone is calcined in a kiln to obtain carbon dioxide and quicklime. The quicklime is mixed with water to produce a milk-of-lime. Dry hydrated lime can also be used as a feedstock. Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through the milk-of-lime in a reactor known as a carbonator. Gassing continues until the calcium hydroxide has been converted to the carbonate. The end point can be monitored chemically or by pH measurements. Reaction conditions determine the type of crystal, the size of particles, and the size distribution produced. 

Potassium Carbonate Process. The potassium carbonate process is similar to the sodium carbonate process. However, as potassium bicarbonate [298-14-6] is more soluble than the corresponding sodium salt, this process permits a more efficient absorption than the other. The equipment layout is the same and the operation technique is similar. 

GirhotolAmine Process. This process developed by the Girdler Corporation is similar in operation to the alkali carbonate processes. However, it uses aqueous solutions of an ethanolamine, ie, either mono-, di-, or triethanolamine. The operation of the Girbotol process depends on the reversible nature of the reaction of CO2 with monoetbanolamine [141-43-5] to form monoethanolamine carbonate [21829-52-7]. 

Union Carbide has developed Amine Guard, which essentially eliminates corrosion in amine systems (32—35). It permits the use of substantially higher amine concentrations and greater carbon dioxide pick-up rates without corrosive attack. This results in an energy requirement comparable to that of the carbonate process and allows the use of smaller equipment for a specific C02-removal appHcation thereby reducing the capital cost. 

The process is capable of achieving higher solubiHties of CO2 in the solution without the corrosion problems encountered with amine systems before the advent of Amine Guard. The Sulfinol process is used in over 50 plants worldwide nevertheless, it is used less often than the amine or carbonate processes. 

Coal Char This type of char is the nonagglomerated, nonfusible residue from the thermal treatment of coal. Coal chars are obtained as a residue or a coproduct from low-temperature carbonization processes and from processes being developed to convert coal to hquid and gaseous fuels and to chemicals. Such chars have a substantial heating value. The net amount of char from a conversion process varies widely in some instances, it may represent between about 30... 

Cement mortar will be attacked by waters that have an excess of free carbon dioxide compared with that of waters that are in a lime-carbonic acid equilibrium. There is a two-step mechanism with a carbonization process according to... 

Maddox shows how the major process concerns of corrosion, erosion, and column instability must be met in the design and operation of a hot carbonate process. These items will impact the capital and operating/main-tenance costs. 

Various processes attempt to improve on the basic potassium carbonate process by using activators to increase the rate of CO2 absorption such as the Catacarb, Benfield, and Giammarco—Vetrocoke processes. 

Auskohlung, /. carbonization. Auskohlungsverfabren, n. carbonizing process, auskommen, v.i. come out, get out manage, get on. 

Schwel-vorgang, m. low-temperature process of carbonization, -wasser, n. an aqueous liquid from the low-temperature carbonizing process, containing ammonia, phenols, etc. foiil water, -werk, n. low-temperature carboniza tion plant. 

Verkohlung, /. charring, carbonization. Verkohlungsvorgang, m. carbonization process, verkoken, v.t. coke. 

In gas reforming plants, e.g. the hot potassium carbonate process for CO removal, sodium metavanadate is used to prevent mild-steel corrosion". Banks reports" that this treatment does not reduce the rather high corrosion rate of Cu-30Ni in these plants. 

Under hot BW conditions this reaction is reversible, leading to a serious risk of carbonate scale depositing on heat transfer surfaces. Consequently, many large water utilities and industries around the world continue to use the old established, but effective lime (calcium hydroxide) and soda ash (sodium carbonate) processes to soften water by precipitating out insoluble hardness salts. 

Scheme 6.12 Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of poly(arylene ether sulfone) via the potassium carbonate process.8...

Postpolycondensation. See Solid-state postpolycondensation Potassium carbonate process, poly(arylene ether sulfone) synthesis via, 339 Pot life, 232 Powder coatings, 240 PPE. See Personal protective equipment (PPE)... 

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