Sugars addition

Sunflower plant Helianthus annuus L.) is an important crop in Portugal and its head residues, remaining on soil after the seeds have been removed for oil industry, are one of the richest sources of low-methoxyl pectin (ca 19% original dry matter), the most important property being the ability to form gels even without sugar addition, if correct amounts of divalent ions (usually calcium) are present. 

Sugars may be tested for with Fehling s solution in the tannin solution treated with lead acetate and then with sodium sulphate and subsequently inverted. Since, however, tanning materials generally contain a certain quantity of reducing sugars, addition of glucose cannot always be proved by a mere qualitative test,... 

Stabilization with sugar additives. In general it is necessary to immobilize enzymes for two reasons. Firstly, because it helps to improve their stability and hence the lifetime of the device in which they are operating secondly because we do not want them to escape The enzyme needs to be held in the matrix and in the case of an elec-... 

Table 4. Effects of feeding of carbon and nitrogen sources on cell growth and the content (C), production (Pn) and productivity (Pv) of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide. The cell culture in a modified MS medium was taken as a control. Cases 1,2 and 3 Sucrose was fed beginning from day 15,18 and 20, while its level was kept below 20,10 and 20 gH, respectively. Cases 4,5 and 6 Feeding of 20 mM nitrate, 10 mM nitrate plus 10 mM ammonium, and 20 mM ammonium on day 15, respectively, where sugar addition was the same as in case 1...

Due to the inability to reliably detect beet sugar additions, the site-specific natural isotope fractionation nuclear magnetic resonance (SNIF-NMR) method used widely in the wine industry was adapted for the maple industry (Martin et al., 1996). This method determines the site specific isotope concentrations of organic compounds by nuclear magnetic resonance of ethanol fermented from the suspect sample. 

Tremblay, P. and Paquin, R. (2007). Improved detection of sugar addition to maple syrup using malic acid as internal standard and in 13C isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS).. Agric. Food Chem. 55,197-203. 

Glycals serve as activated sugars because of the inherent reactivity of the endocyclic enol ether. Consequently, they have been extremely useful substrates in their complementarity to native activated sugars. Additionally, they have been used to demonstrate versatility not directly available from other sugar derivatives. In a good example of the utility of allylsilanes and silylacetylenes in C-glycoside chemistry, Ichikawa et al. [91] demonstrated a preference for the a anomer in all cases. The results, shown in Scheme 7.17, included a demonstration that a characteristic nOe can be used to confirm the stereochemical outcome of the reaction with hw-trimethylsilylacetylene. 

Lead sub-acetate precipitates gum arabic in aqueous solution. In presence of sugar, addition of alcohol prevents the precipitation of dextrin if the latter is present. 

The forced degradation experiments do not necessarily result in product decomposition. The study can be stopped if no degradation is observed after DS or DP has been exposed to a stress that exceeds conditions of accelerated stability protocol. Protocols for generation of product-related degradation may differ for DS and DP due to differences in matrices and concentrations. For example, sugar additives often present in DP are known to stabilize proteins vis-a-vis denaturing conditions. 

The equilibrium approach struggles with an unfavorable thermodynamic balance of the synthesis-hydrolysis process. High concentration of sugars, addition of organic co-solvents and elevated reaction temperatures are a requirement to achieve significant transformation with low yield. 

The conversion of formaldehyde by the Cannizzaro reaction into formic acid and methanol lessens the yield of formose sugars. Addition of... 

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