Other Salts

In some cases, great care is needed to avoid undesirable side reactions, including thermal dissociation. For example, in sulfate melts, for which alumina crucibles may be used, the SO3 partial pressure needs to be controlled in order to fix the position of the equilibrium  

In hydroxide melts, which are generally contained in Teflon ware, the greatest of care is needed to avoid thermal dissociation, according to 

Acetate melts, contrary to early reports, have now been shown to be very stable, even up to 773 K. However, this stability can only be achieved when the salts are extensively dried and when the supernatant atmosphere is devoid of oxygen. 

The composition of polymeric melts such as the silicates needs to be very closely controlled quite minor variations in, for example, the sodium content can modify their physical properties, such as viscosity, which, in turn, can affect the transport rate of dissolved ions. 

Molten thiocyanates tend to form colloidal sulfur (blue coloration) if overheated, and this can have deleterious effects on the performance of any electrode The avoidance of hydrolytic reactions in molten sulfides, cyanides, and carbides would seem to be mandatory, even from an elementary school chemistry standpoint l 

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In the uncatalysed reaction the fact that added nitrate strongly accelerates the rate to the same extent as other salts makes it improbable that the nitronium ion is the effective electrophile. The authors of the work conclude that covalent dinitrogen pentoxide is the electrophilic... 

Other salts, most notably borax, are also recovered from the lake. 

A process developed in Israel (263) uses solvent extraction using a higher alcohol or other solvating solvent. This removes phosphoric acid and some hydrochloric acid from the system driving the equiHbrium of equation 42 to the right. The same principle can be appHed in other salt—acid reactions of the form... 

KIFg [20916-97-6] which are both stable, white, crystalline soflds (3,94,95). These compounds dissociate at 200°C to KF and the corresponding halogen fluoride. Other salts are formed similarly (71,95—99). Some of the acids and bases of these systems are Hsted ia Table 2. 

The silver fluorocomplexes, ie, silver hexafluoroantimonate [26042-64-8], AgSbF silver hexafluorophosphate [26042-63-7], AgPF silver tetrafluoroborate [14104-20-2], AgBF and other salts such as silver trifluoromethane sulfonate [2923-28-6], CF SO Ag, and silver trifluoroacetate [2966-50-9], CF COOAg, play an important role in the synthesis of organic compounds and have gained potential industrial importance. 

Other Salts. Indium nitrate trihydrate [13770-61 -1], In(N02)3 3H20, is a soluble salt prepared by dissolution of the metal or oxide in nitric acid. Indium phosphate [14693-82-4], InPO, is precipitated by adding phosphate ions to a solution of an indium salt. It is soluble in water. 

Other salts include lead arsenates and lead arsenites (see Insect control technology), lead chromates and lead sihcochromates (see Pigments), lead cyanide (see Cyanides), lead 2-ethyIhexanoate (see Driers and metallic soaps), and lead fluoroborate (see Fluorine compounds, inorganic). 

Lithium ion is commonly ingested at dosages of 0.5 g/d of lithium carbonate for treatment of bipolar disorders. However, ingestion of higher concentrations (5 g/d of LiCl) can be fatal. As of this writing, lithium ion has not been related to industrial disease. However, lithium hydroxide, either dHectly or formed by hydrolysis of other salts, can cause caustic bums, and skin contact with lithium haHdes can result in skin dehydration. Organolithium compounds are often pyrophoric and requHe special handling (53). 

The potassium salts are the most soluble and other salts usually are precipitated by addition of the appropriate metal chloride to a solution of the corresponding potassium salt. The metaniobates, MNbO, and orthoniobates, MNbO, generally are prepared by fusion of the anhydrous mixed oxides. The metaniobates crystallize with the perovskite stmeture and are ferroelectric (131) (see Ferroelectrics). The orthoniobates are narrow band-gap semiconductors (qv) (132). 

Calcium sources, such as gypsum and lime, promote cation exchange from sodium clay to a less-sweUing calcium clay. Calcium concentrations ate normally low (<1000 mg/L) and osmotic swelling is only reduced if other salts are present. Calcium chloride has been used infrequently for this purpose but systems are available that allow high calcium chloride levels to be carried in the mud system (98). 

When the host is a single oxide, incorporation is best achieved during a high temperature phase transition of the host lattice such as when Ti02 goes from anatase to mtile, or during formation from carbonates or other salts. 

Catalysts. The alkanolamines continue to find use as blocked catalysts for textile resins, coatings resins, adhesives, etc. Of particular utifity in curing durable-press textiles is AMP-HCl. Other salts, such as those of the benzoin tosylate or A-toluenesulfonic acid, find utifity in melamine- or urea-based coatings (18) (see Amino resins and plastics). 

Salt that is substantially free of sulfate and other impurities is the cell feed. This grade may be purchased from commercial salt suppHers or made on site by purification of cmde sea or rock salt. Dried calcium chloride or cell bath from dismanded cells is added to the bath periodically as needed to replenish calcium coproduced with the sodium. The heat required to maintain the bath ia the molten condition is suppHed by the electrolysis current. Other electrolyte compositions have been proposed ia which part or all of the calcium chloride is replaced by other salts (61—64). Such baths offer improved current efficiencies and production of cmde sodium containing relatively Htde calcium. 

Sodium nitrate nitrate [7631-99-4] NaNO, is found in naturally occurring deposits associated with sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, magnesium chloride, and other salts. Accumulations of sodium nitrate have been reported in several countries, but the only ones being commercially exploited are the unique nitrate-rich deposits in Chile, South America. Natural sodium nitrate is also referred to as Chilean saltpeter or Chilean nitrate. 

Sodium sulfate decahydrate melts incongmently at 32.4°C to a sulfate Hquid phase and an anhydrous sulfate soHd phase. The presence of other salts, such as NaCl, can depress the melting poiat to 17.9°C. 

Sodium Chloride. Sodium chloride, a corrodent of many materials, is the archetype contaminant and has been studied more than other salts. The solubiUty of sodium chloride in superheated steam is shown at the conditions of a typical steam turbine expansion in Figure 14. The solubiUties were measured in the region of higher solubiUty (9). As the steam expands, sodium chloride becomes considerably less soluble. The solubiUty, S, in parts per biUion (ppb) can be represented by equation 3 ... 

Addition of sodium dithionite to formaldehyde yields the sodium salt of hydroxymethanesulfinic acid [79-25-4] H0CH2S02Na, which retains the useful reducing character of the sodium dithionite although somewhat attenuated in reactivity. The most important organic chemistry of sodium dithionite involves its use in reducing dyes, eg, anthraquinone vat dyes, sulfur dyes, and indigo, to their soluble leuco forms (see Dyes, anthraquinone). Dithionite can reduce various chromophores that are not reduced by sulfite. Dithionite can be used for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols (348). Quantitative studies have been made of the reduction potential of dithionite as a function of pH and the concentration of other salts (349,350). 

The basic hydrolysis of tri alkyl tin haUdes and other salts forms bis(oxide)s since, except for trimethyl tin, hydroxides are unstable towards dehydration at room temperature. With tin aryl, aralkyl, and cycloalkyltin compounds, the hydroxides can be isolated. Although quite stable, they exist in mobile equiUbrium with the bisoxide and water and are easily dehydrated. Trimethyl tin hydroxide is exceptionally stable towards dehydration. 

Numerous other salts have been reported in the Hterature, including some which ate insoluble in water. 

Lithium Hypochlorite. Commercial lithium hypochlorite [13840-33-0], LiOCl, is a soHd with about 35% available chlorine. It is made from concentrated solutions of sodium hypochlorite and lithium chloride. It consists of 30% lithium hypochlorite and various other salts (34). 

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