Carbonation multistep process route

For conversion of ketones into a,/3-unsaturated aldehydes containing two additional carbon atoms, several multistep processes via ethynyl or vinyl carbinol intermediates have been reported.4-10 Although the overall yields obtained by these routes for the conversion of cyclohexanone into cyclohexylideneacetaldehyde have never exceeded 50%, they were the only useful methods for this type of conversion until the excellent process of Wittig11 appeared. This process consists of normal aldol condensations of ketones with the lithium salt of ethylidenecyclohexylamine and subsequent dehydration and hydrolysis. 

Poly(lactiC acid). Lactic add, CH3CHOHCOOH, occurs naturally in animals and in microorganisms. It can be produced commercially by chemical synthesis, bnt in the United States fermentation is the major route. In bioreactors, microorganisms are fed a carbon source substrate, such as dextrose, with delds of lactic acid greater than 90%. The lactic acid is recovered from the fermentation broth and purified in a multistep process that represents a major part of production costs. Eighty percent of the world s production of lactic acid is from corn sugar. 

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