Activated carbon process

A.ctivated Carbonate Process. The activated carbonate process is based on absorption of CO2 by potassium carbonate (57) to give potassium bicarbonate. When the bicarbonate is heated it releases CO2, regenerating potassium carbonate. 

The original hot carbonate process developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines was found to be corrosive to carbon steel (55). Various additives have been used in order to improve the mass transfer rate as well as to inhibit corrosion. Vetrocoke, Carsol, Catacarb, Benfteld, and Lurgi processes are all activated carbonate processes. Improvements in additives and optimization of operation have made activated carbonate processes competitive with activated MDEA and nonaqueous solvent based systems. Typical energy requirements are given in Table 9. 

Quintelas, C., Sousa, E., Silva, F., Neto, S., and Tavares, T., Competitive biosorption of ortho-cresol, phenol, chlorophenol and chromium (VI) from aqueous solution by a bacterial film supported on granular activated carbon, Process Biochemistry, 4, 2087-2091, 2006. 

Lin HY, Leu JY (2008) Kinetic of reactive azo-dye decolorization by Pseudomonas Luteola in biological actived carbon process. Biochem Eng J 39 457 167... 

Huang C.P., Fu P.L.K., Treatment of arsenic(V)-containing water by the activated carbon process,/ Water Pollut. Control Fed. 56, 1984,233-242. 

Analysis for agent contamination of solid phases will also be required for nonprocess wastes, including spent activated carbon, process sludges, dunnage, and personal protective equipment. 

The activated carbonate process is based on absorption of CO2 by potassium carbonate to give potassium bicarbonate (configuration 2). When potassium bicarbonate is heated it releases CO2 while potassium carbonate is formed back again. The original hot carbonate process was found too corrosive for carbon steel reactor walls. Nowadays, however, improvements in additives and optimisation of operation have made activated carbonate processes competitive with state-of-the-art MDEA systems. 

Kim, W. H., et al. (1997). Pilot plant study on ozonation and biological activated carbon process for drinking water treatment. Water Science Technol, Proc. 1995 5th lAWQ Asian Regional Conf. on Water Quality and Pollut. Control, Eeb. 7-9, 1995, Manila, Philippines, 35, 8, 21-28. Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, England. 

Recovery of Sulfur Dioxide from Stack Gases as Elemental Sulfur by a Dry, Fluidized Activated Carbon Process... 

A dry, fiuidized activated carbon process is being developed for recovery of SO2 from waste gases as elemental sulfur. The SOs is removed at 150- 00°F as sorbed on car ... 

T. L. Randall, W. M. Copa, and M. J. Dietrich, Leachate Treatment by a Powdered Activated Carbon Process. Paper presented at the 59th Annual Conference of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Los Angeles, CA, 1986. 

Practical considerations usually require that the vapor concentration is kept in the lower safe zone. Such concentrations generally are too low to permit practical recovery of the solvent by condensation or by scrubbing with a high-boiling-point liquid. As a result, the general trend has been to install the active-carbon process which maintains a high efficiency even when the vapor concentration is low. 

In Fig. 2.1, the curve extending from Point 1 to Point 2, i.e. at constant temperamre from PI to P2, indicates the improvement in the loadability of the adsorbent as the temperature increases. The differential loading is G2 minus Gl. The curve extending from Points to Point4, i.e. at constant pressure P2 from T3 to T2, describes the effect that a temperature drop from T3 tt) the lower temperature T2 would have. Activated carbon was used as an adsorbent for this first example. Its adsorption potential is based on an extensive system of pores and can be adjusted for a variety of very different gas molecules simply by changing the pore size. Activated carbon processes normally operate with a combination of temperature and pressure changes. 

Removal of Carbon Dioxide and Methanation. About 17 to 19% of the effluent gases is carbon dioxide. This undesirable byproduct is usually removed by a number of methods, such as physical absorption, chemical reaction, or a combination of both. Removal methods include monoethanolamine process for removing acid gases, activated carbonate process based on absorption of carbon dioxide by potassium carbonate, and physical absorption systems in which solvents and agents that remove carbon dioxide are us. Generally, the choice of carbon dioxide removal depends on the overall plant design and the integration procedures needed. 

Gaofeng mine water quahty is pH value of 7, Sb +concentration is 2.3 mg/L, according to monitoring results, prepared pH value of 7, Sb + concentration is 2.3 mg/L water samples and performed a small static test research. Modified activated carbon process should not be too complicated, therefore, the choice is acid and alkali-modified activated carbon (Xing, 2002). 

Toll processing (manufacturing) Is widely used in the chemical and process industries, where a secondary company carries out a subset of the overall production processes. This is an arrangement in which a company (which has a specialized equipment, such as a chemical or steam furnace for activating carbon) processes raw materials, semi-finished goods, or waste materials for another company. The toll is the negotiated fee to the secondary company (Ref. 2, Chapter 7 15 1)... 

Wennerbetg AN, O Grady TM. Active carbon process composition. US Patent 4082694 Amoco Corporation, 1978. 

The Westvaco process is a dormant, experimental, activated carbon process that has a removal step somewhat similar to that of the Mitsui-BF process, but a regeneration step that does not consume carbon. The sulfuric acid adsorbed on the carbon is reacted with hydrogen sulfide to produce elemental sulfur and water. Part of the sulfur produced is reacted with hydrogen to produce the necessary hydrogen sulfide. Development was discontinued due to the high cost of activated carbon relative to activated coke (Radian, 1977 Behrens et al., 1984 Spears, 1992). 

The Purasiv HR process is an improved fluidized bed, activated carbon process based on the use of a spherical beaded adsorbent developed by Kureha Chemical of Japan. The process was introduced in the United States and Canada by Union Carbide Corporation in 1978 (Union Carbide Corp., 1983). The unique form of the carbon adsorbent represents the key feature of the process. The beads, which are about 0.7 mm in diameter, create a homogeneous fluidized bed in the adsorption section and a free-flowing dense bed in the desorption section while providing a much higher resistance to attrition than conventional granular or pelletized material. The beads are produced by a proprietary process that involves shaping molten petroleum pitch into spherical particles which are subsequently carbonized and activated under controlled conditions. 

Kuo, Jih-Fen, James F. Stahl, Ching-Lin Chen, and Paul V. Bohlier, Dual Role of Activated Carbon Process for Water Reuse, Water Environment Research, 70, 161-170(1998). 

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