Sodium carbonate monohydrate

Sodium carbonate monohydrate crystals from the crystallizers are concentrated in hydroclones and dewatered on centrifuges to between 2 and 6% free moisture. This centrifuge cake is sent to dryers where the product is calcined 150°C to anhydrous soda ash, screened, and readied for shipment. Soda ash from this process typically has a bulk density between 0.99—1.04 g/mL with an average particle size of about 250 p.m. 

North American Chemical Co. produces borax pentahydrate and decahydrate from Seades Lake brines in both Trona and West End, California (see Chemicals frombrines). The 88 km dry lake consists of two brine layers, the analyses of which are given in Table 11. Two distinct procedures are used for the processing of upper and lower lake brines. Borax is produced in Trona from upper lake brines by an evaporative procedure involving the crystallization of potash and several other salts prior to borax crystallization as the pentahydrate (104). A carbonation process is used in West End, California to derive borate values from lower lake brines (105). Raw lower stmcture brine is carbonated to produce sodium bicarbonate, which is calcined and recrystallized as sodium carbonate monohydrate. The borate-rich filtrate is neutralized with lake brine and refrigerated to crystallize borax. 

Soda-losimg, /. soda solution, -mehl, n. (Soda) sodium carbonate monohydrate in the form of powder, -menge, /, amount of soda, sodaon, adv. then. 

The mixture was cooled to 65°C and 250 g (2.0 mols) of sodium carbonate monohydrate was added. The warm reaction mixture was filtered and the cake washed with water. 

Cleaver, J. A. S., and Ghadiri, M., Impact Attrition of Sodium Carbonate Monohydrate Crystals, Powder Tech., 76 15 (1993)... 

PPG [Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company] A process for making calcium hypochlorite. Hypochlorous acid and chlorine monoxide, generated by reacting chlorine and carbon dioxide with sodium carbonate monohydrate, are passed into lime slury. Invented in 1938 by I. E. Muskatt and G. H. Cady at the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. 

C. Regeneration of 0-tetralone. Fifty grams (0.20 mole) of /3-tetralone bisulfite addition product is suspended in 250 ml. of water, and 75 g. (0.6 mole) of sodium carbonate monohydrate is added. At this point the pH of the solution is approximately 10. The mixture is extracted with five 100-ml. portions of ether (Note 8). The combined extract is washed with 100 ml. of 10% hydrochloric acid, then with 100-ml. portions of water until the washings are neutral to litmus, and is dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The ether is removed by distillation, and the residue is distilled from a Claisen flask under reduced pressure, preferably in a nitrogen atmosphere. The pure /3-tetralone is obtained as a colorless distillate b.p. 70-71°/0.25 mm. (92-940/1.8 mm., 114-11674.5 mm.) n 1.5594. The yield is 17-21 g. (40-50% based on /3-naphthyl ethyl ether). 

A. Quinoxaline. One hundred thirty-five grams (1.25 moles) of o-phenylenediamine is dissolved in 2 1. of water, and the solution is heated to 70°. With stirring, a solution of 344 g. (1.29 moles) of glyoxal-sodium bisulfite (Note 1) in 1.5 1. of hot water (about 80°) is added to the o-phenylenediamine solution. The mixture is allowed to stand for 15 minutes and then is cooled to about room temperature and 500 g. of sodium carbonate monohydrate (Note 2) is added. The quinoxaline separates as an oil or as a crystalline solid if the mixture is sufficiently cool. The... 

J.A.S. Cleaver, M. Ghadiri, Impact attrition of sodium carbonate monohydrate crystals, Powder Technol. 76 (1993) 15-22. 

The mixture was cooled to 65°C and 250 g (2.0 mols) of sodium carbonate monohydrate was added. The warm reaction mixture was filtered and the cake washed with water. The filtrate was then slowly treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid until mixture tested acid. Product was then filtered, washed with water and dried. Yield 103 g (71.0%), MP 245° to 249°C (dec.). 

Water between 65F/18C and 70F/21C, 1.0 liter Sodium carbonate, monohydrate, 90.0g... 

Distilled water, 500.0 ml Sodium carbonate, monohydrate, 160.0 g Kodak Brown Toner, 320.0 ml Kodak Rapid Selenium Toner, 80.0 ml Water to make 1.0 liter... 

Sodium carbonate can also be used as a substitute for Balanced Alkali. Two parts by weight of Balanced Alkali is approximately equivalent to 1 part by weight of sodium carbonate, monohydrate, in normal developers. A more precise substitution is to use 5.9 grams of sodium carbonate, monohydrate, for each 10.0 grams of Balanced Alkali. 

Yet another substitution is to use 4 parts sodium carbonate, monohydrate, and 1 part borax to equal the same weight of Balanced Alkali (e.g., 10.0 grams of Balanced Alkali equals 8.0 grams of carbonate and 2.0 grams of borax). 

Sodium carbonate, monohydrate, 100.0 g Water to make 4.0 liters... 

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