Carbonization slow process

Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis result from primary disturbances in the arterial carbon dioxide (C02) levels. Metabolic compensation of respiratory disturbances is a slow process, often requiring days for the serum HC03 to reach the steady state. 

The oxidation of polysaccharide on carbon 6 is obviously rather a slow process at low temperatures and starts to be important at temperatures above 100°C. The stoichiometry of the reaction for cellulose is depicted in Scheme 10. 

The formation of bulk cobalt carbide is quite a slow process since it requires the diffusion of carbon into the cobalt bulk. It was reported that the full conversion of unsupported and reduced Co to Co2C only occurred after 500 h of exposure to pure CO at 230°C. Increasing the reaction temperature resulted in a faster rate of carburization.81 Bulk cobalt carbides are considered to be thermodynamically metastable species, and therefore Co2C will decompose to hep cobalt and graphite, while Co3C will decompose to fee cobalt and methane. Thermal decomposition of bulk carbides under an inert atmosphere is believed to occur at 400°C.81 Hydrogenation of the bulk carbides is believed to be a fast process and occurs around 200°C.82 83... 

The reaction of FL with methyl alcohol gives the ether (92%). This process plays a pivotal role in the analysis of the properties of this carbene. The results are analysed within the spin-specific reaction framework where the ether is taken to be the product of the singlet carbene and this reaction rate is approximately diffusion limited (as it is for JXA). It is further assumed that 3FL will react with methyl alcohol as does 3BA, i.e., by hydrogen-atom abstraction from carbon, a relatively slow process in comparison with reaction of the singlet carbene (see Table 7). 

In situ reactive barriers Treat contaminated water as it passes through a physical barrier containing reactive chemicals, organisms, or activated carbon Site specific Slow process... 

To convert calciiun carbonate to dolomite, some of the calcium must have been replaced by magnesiiun, requiring the partial dissolution of the carbonate. This process is promoted by contact with acidic pore water, such as occurs in organic-rich sediments because remineralization produces carbon dioxide. This is probably why dolomites are presently forming in detrital algal mats buried beneath sabkhat. The restricted extent of these modern dolomites reflects a kinetic hindrance to precipitation. Apparently dolomite precipitation in this setting is too slow to form substantial deposits when sea level is rapidly fluctuating. 

To sum up, high-mass stars are the main suppliers of complex isotopes. All elements from carbon to calcium are synthesised inside them by the relatively gentle and slow process of hydrostatic combustion, whilst iron and its kin. 

In 1909 McBain reported that the uptake of hydrogen by carbon appeared to occur in two stages a rapid process of adsorption appeared to be followed by a slow process of absorption into the interior of the solid. McBain coined the term sorption to cover both phenomena. In recent years it has been found convenient to use sorption when it is not possible to make a clear distinction between the stages of uptake, and also to use it to denote the penetration of molecules into very narrow pores (Barrer, 1978). 

Solidification of minerals in carbonate rocks or in sea shells, or that of silica and alumina in lateritic or desert soils, is a very slow process. It takes years and centuries and even geological time to consolidate some minerals. Unfortunately, little is known on the exact chemical reactions and the resulting hardening process. As a result, the chemical hardening in nature cannot be translated into technological applications where accelerated hardening and solidification are desired. 

In nature, dissolution caused by carbonic and sihcic acids is a slow process. Because formation of carbonate and silicate complexes is very slow and mostly occurs on a geological time scale, it is difficult to reproduce the necessary reactions in the laboratory. On the other hand, acid-base cements may be produced within hours, and controlling the rate of reaction in these materials is easier than accelerating reactions in carbonate and sihcate minerals. Acid-base cements have considerable potential for commercial applications by exploiting the solubility of cation donors of oxides in acidic solutions. For this reason, we next explore the dissolution steps involved in formation of these cements in more detail. 

In a number of other cases, however, notably in the exothermic decompositions of solids which can become explosive and in the endothermic transformation of hydrates of salts and of carbonates (to oxides), the slow processes seem to be nucleation. The rate laws for such nucleation-con-trolled processes can be very complex, and the rate studies are difficult to make and to reproduce. In many of these cases smj amounts of impurities play an important role in governing the de fed t nff and growth of nuclei, and there are a number of instances of sm bA ounts of water vapor having a significant catalytic effect. ... 

On account of their chemical, biological and engineering significance, the slow processes involved in dissolution of carbon dioxide in water have been investigated repeatedly, from many points of view. References given here are doubtless an incomplete set, as are all the other compilations I have examined. Methods employed vary over acid-base titration , formation of dialkyl carbamates pH and other potentiometric methods , conductivity ... 

The presence of two signals of water adsorbed on the surface of the CSS sample corroborates the hypothesis that there are two kinds of active centers on the surface, and in view of the time scale of NMR the molecular exchange between these centers is a slow process (Section II). Thus the character of active centers responsible for the appearance of these signals is of interest. As the carbon concentration in the sample reaches 35 wt%, it can be assumed that the whole surface of the initial silica is covered with carbon and that both signals correspond... 

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