Additives aviation fuel

In the chemical industry and in research alone more than 1700 trade name products and chemicals are used as solvents (Ash and Ash, 1996). The worldwide solvents market is estimated at over 30 billions pounds per year. Solvents are used in a wide range of industries and applications including metal cleaning and degreasing, dry cleaning operations, automotive and aviation fuel additives, paints, varnishes, lacquers, paint removers, plastics and rubber products, adhesives, textiles, printing inks, pharmaceuticals, and food processing. 

We believe it has been shown that this method for infrared analysis of hydrocarbons collected on charcoal tubes and vapor monitors is a valid and acceptable one. Further work is being done to validate the method for other hydrocarbons such as petroleum naphtha, Stoddard solvent, and other JP aviation fuels. Additionally, work is being done to determine the 3M monitor sampling rate for JP-4. 

As a valuable step toward rationalizing the approval procedure for aviation fuel additives, guidelines are available (ASTM D-1655, ASTM D-4054).Tests are available for measuring or specifying additives such as color dyes (ASTM D-156, ASTM D-2392, ASTM D-5386, IP 17), corrosion inhibitors (often measured by the corrosivity of the fuel— ASTM D-130, ASTM D-5968, IP 154), lubricity (ASTM D-5001), fuel system icing inhibitors (ASTM D-910, ASTM D-4171, ASTM D-5006, IP 277), and static dissipator additives (ASTM D-2624, ASTM D-4865, IP 274). 

Biocides are acceptable as an aviation fuel additive under ASTM D1655 (Jet A) with the provision that they have approval from the purchaser and airframe and engine manufacturers (Hill and Hill, 2000). The choice of a biocide for aviation fuel is limited to three specific approved chemistries ... 

Miscellaneous, New, and Developmental Antimicrobial Agents. Table 11 shows some of the antimicrobials that do not neady fit into the principal families. Acrolein (qv) is a unique chemical used for secondary oil recovery (43). Biobor has become the antimicrobial addition of choice for aviation fuels (44). Cbloropbtbalonil (tetrachloroisophthalnitrile [1897-45-6]) is a significant agricultural fungicide, in addition to being one of the most important latex paint film preservatives (producer, ISK). 

The fluoroelastomers possess good mbber properties with the added advantages of being nonburning, hydrophobic, and solvent- and fuel-resistant. In addition to these, because of flexibiHty down to about —60° C, these polymers have been used in seals, gaskets, and hoses in army tanks, in aviation fuel lines and tanks, as well as in cold-climate oil pipeline appHcations. These polymers have also found appHcation in various types of shock mounts for vibration dampening (14,17). 

An on-line supercritical fluid chromatography-capillary gas chromatography (SFC-GC) technique has been demonstrated for the direct transfer of SFC fractions from a packed column SFC system to a GC system. This technique has been applied in the analysis of industrial samples such as aviation fuel (24). This type of coupled technique is sometimes more advantageous than the traditional LC-GC coupled technique since SFC is compatible with GC, because most supercritical fluids decompress into gases at GC conditions and are not detected by flame-ionization detection. The use of solvent evaporation techniques are not necessary. SFC, in the same way as LC, can be used to preseparate a sample into classes of compounds where the individual components can then be analyzed and quantified by GC. The supercritical fluid sample effluent is decompressed through a restrictor directly into a capillary GC injection port. In addition, this technique allows selective or multi-step heart-cutting of various sample peaks as they elute from the supercritical fluid... 

On this basis, petroleum may have some value in the crude state but, when refined, provides fuel gas, petrochemical gas (methane, ethane, propane, and butane), fiansportation fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel), solvents, lubricants, asphalt, and many other products. In addition to the hydrocarbon constituents, petroleum does contain heteroatomic (nonhydrocarbon) species, but they are in the minority compared to the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms. They do, nevertheless, impose a major influence on the behavior of petroleum and petroleum products as well as on the refining processes (Speight and Ozum, 2002). 

Uses Solvent for lacquers, varnishes, dopes, nitrocellulose, natural and synthetic resins in cleaning solutions, varnish removers, dye baths mutual solvent for formation of soluble oils lacquer thinners emulsion stabilizer anti-icing additive for aviation fuels. 

Additives are introduced into aviation fuel for a variety of reasons. Primarily, additives are added to improve fuel performance or to prevent undesirable behavior. They may be introduced into fuel under the following limitations ... 

Therefore, to check the possibility of using this IR procedure in our Laboratory, it was decided to evaluate the procedure against the recommended NIOSH GC procedures. We have limited our study to the hydrocarbons JP-4 aviation fuel and PD-680 cleaning solvent. In addition to evaluating the IR method for charcoal tubes and vapor monitors, we also compared the two methods on actual field samples. 

The catalytic alkylation of isobutane with C3—C5 alkenes was commercialized in the US during WW II. Blending the alkylate product with catalytically cracked gasoline provided high-octane aviation fuel. The introduction of aromatic and oxygenated fuel additives, such as methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), pushed alkylation to the sidelines. However, in the 1990s, when the environmental effects of such additives were realized, alkylation regained its importance [191]. 

Analysis of aviation fuels by capillary GC can be performed using a variable level of resolution (peak separation) by changing the conditions of the GC. For the purposes of this work, the approximate resolution required was that obtained with conventional methods. That is, an experiment that is completed in 20-30 min is typical because it is fast enough to be productive with regard to research and testing, and provides enough resolution to obtain the needed useful information. In addition to this level of resolution, we briefly examined... 

Major uses include its use as a component of natural and synthetic resins metal solvent for formulation of soluble oils solvent for lacquers, lacquer thinners, dyeing, textiles, and varnish removers carrier for printing ink wafer fabrication process for semiconductor manufacturing and anti-icing additive for aviation fuels. 

Jet fuels are aviation fuels used mainly by the United States and other North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) nations for military establishments. Other fuels called Jet A and Jet A-1 are closely related fuels used by commercial airlines. JP are a complex mixture of primarily aliphatic (but also aromatic) hydrocarbons, derived from crude oil and/or kerosene by refining and adding various other additives such as fuel icing inhibitors, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and static dissipaters. Gas chromatographic analysis of JP-8, the most recent JP, indicates that it is made up of complex mixture of 9 to 17 different hydrocarbons, including thousands of isomers and three to six performance additives. They are generally colorless liquids and smell like kerosene. 

Use Solvent for nitrocellulose, natural and synthetic resins mutual solvent for formulation of soluble oils lacquers and lacquer thinners dyeing and printing textiles varnish removers cleaning solutions leather antiicing additive for aviation fuels. 

Only a limited number of additives are permitted in aviation fuels, and for each fuel grade the type and concentration are closely controlled by the appropriate fuel specifications. Additives may be included for a variety of reasons, but in every case the specifications define the requirements as follows ... 

Although the type and amount of each additive permitted in aviation fuels are strictly limited to color dye, antioxidant, metal deactivator, corrosion inhibitor, fuel system icing inhibitor, static dissipator, and lubricity additive, test methods for checking the concentration present are not specified in every case. In some cases tests to determine the additive content (or its effect) are called for, but in other cases a written statement of its original addition (e.g., at the refinery) is accepted as adequate evidence of its presence. 

JP4 - a wide range heavy naphtha-kerosene blend. This aviation fuel is currently being phased out and replaced with an unleaded blend containing oxygenates and other alcohols as lead-free replacement additives. The carbon range covered is typically C6-C14. 

Jet fuel is kerosene-based aviation fuel. It is medium distillate used for aviation turbine power units and usually has the same distillation characteristics and flash point as kerosene. Jet fuels are manufactured predominately from straight-run kerosene or kerosene-naphtha blends in the case of wide cut fuels that are produced from the atmospheric distillation of crude oil. Jet fuels are similar in gross composition, with many of the differences in them attributable to additives designed to control some fuel parameters such as freeze and pour point characteristics. For example, the chromatogram (Figure 27.4) of a commercial jet fuel (Jet A) is dominated by GC-resolved n-alkanes in a narrow range of n-C-j to n-Cig with maximum being around n-Ci. The UCM is well dehned. 

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