Air injection ports

The compressed, heated air is supplied to the ramburner through the air injection ports. Two types of air-injection ports, forming a so-called multi-port, are shown in Fig. 15.14 the forward port (two ports) and the rear port (two ports). The multi-port is used to distribute the airflow to the ramburner 34% is introduced via the forward port and the remaining 66 % via the rear port. The combustible gas formed by the combustion of the gas-generating pyrolant is injected through the gas injection nozzle and mixed with the air in the ramburner, and the burned gas is expelled form the ramburner exhaust nozzle. The pressures in the gas generator and the ramburner are measured by means of pressure transducers. The temperatures in the gas generator and the ramburner are measured with Pt-Pt/13%Rh thermocouples. 

In most cases, FBCs employ some type of air injection system in the floor of the furnace both to impart turbulence into the burning fuel bed and supply combustion air. Secondary and tertiary air ports may be located above the burning fuel bed. 

Technology Description Fluidized bed incinerators utilize a very turbulent bed of inert granular material (usually sand) to improve the transfer of heat to the waste streams to be incinerated. Air is blown through the granular bed materials until they are "suspended" and able to move and mix in a manner similar to a fluid, i.e., they are "fluidized".In this manner, the heated bed particles come in intimate contact with the wastes being burned. The process requires that the waste be fed into multiple injection ports for successful treatment. Advantages... 

Mold construction FRP spray metal, cast aluminum gusket seal, air vents, self-sealing injection port FRP FRP, spray metal, cast aluminum, pinch (land) Metal, shear edge High grade steel shear edge... 

The inner chamber of the oven has curved walls for smooth circulation of air the radiant heat from the sample injection port units and the detector oven is completely isolated. These factors combine to provide demonstrably uniform temperature distribution. (The temperature variance in a column coiled in a diameter of 20cm is less than 0.75°K at a column temperature of 250°C). 

When the column temperature is set to a near ambient temperature, external air is brought into the oven via a computer-controlled flap, providing rigid temperature control stability. (The lowest controllable column temperature is 24°C when the ambient temperature is 18°C and the injection port temperature is 250°C. The temperature fluctuation is less than 0.1 °K even when the column temperature is set at 50°C. 

Iodoethanes are separated on a glass-lined, stainless-steel column (2mx3.2mm o.d.) packed with 10% OV-101 on Chromosorb W HP (150— 190m), using flow-rates of 90ml min-1 for the carrier gas (N ) and 35 and 350ml min-1 for H and air, respectively, for the flame-ionisation detector. Set the injection port, detector and column temperatures at 140, 130 and 60°C, respectively. 

Examine the instrument to which you are assigned. Locate the source of the carrier gas and trace the line to the instrument. If an FID is to be used, also locate the source of the hydrogen and air, and trace the lines of each to the instrument. Locate the injection port. Note any gauges and controls on the front of the instrument, and try to identify their functions. Open the column oven and locate the column. Note the proximity of the inlet end of the column to the injection port. Note the outlet end of the column and locate the detector. 

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) has been shown to be useful for the determination of chloroform in air (Chai and Pawliszyn 1995). This technique is based upon the absorption of chloroform into a polymer coated on a silica liber. Following equilibration of the liber with the atmosphere, chloroform is released via thermal desorption in the injection port of a gas chromatograph. Sample preparation is... 

Durham, NC). Under these conditions the temperature of the air stream midway through Section B was 50 C and had dropped to 30°C upon reaching the filter (Section C). Aliquots of the air stream were withdrawn through the septum in Section B and analyzed by glc/ecd in order to determine the air stream concentration. After termination of air flow, the filter, glass wool plug and sorbent, if any, were extracted with acetone and the extracts analyzed by glc/ecd. The apparatus from the injection port to the filters was rinsed with acetone and analyzed to determine the TRIS which was surface absorbed. 

The simulated test atmosphere with high levels of contaminant (2 to 5ppm) were analyzed by both the in-line GC (in the primary dilution module) and by direct injection of air taken from the sampling port (in the secondary dilution module). The purpose of the latter was to establish the reliability of the in-line GC. The in-line monitor was particularly important in test atmosphere with low contaminant concentration because in this case, direct injection of the air is not feasible. Table I compares the results obtained by the in-line GC and direct air injection for ethylene oxide and acetone. 

Operation of the column oven at 50°C or lower has been a problem in earlier chromatographs because of the difficulty of completely isolating the column oven from other heated components, such as the detector, injection port, and splitter, and still having a usable oven. The processor controller described overcomes this problem by mixing controlled amounts of room air into the column oven and can control very adequately at temperatures of about 30°C without cryogenic cooling. A further advantage of the processor controller is that the processor normally also can handle the temperature control of the other heated zones—inlet, detector, valves, and so on. 

Primary zone size is important with regard to efficiency and limits also. Within practical limits, a larger primary zone cross-sectional area will provide the best performance 138). Possible reasons arc lower velocities, less wall impingement by fuel, larger zone of low velocity, and less wall quenching of chemical reactions. The best axial distribution of open area of a combustor will depend on required operating conditions, the pressure loss characteristics, and the shape of the air entry ports. It will also depend on fuel-injection and fuel-volatility characteristics, as these factors will affect the amount of vapor fuel present at any location. If proper burning environment is to be obtained, these factors must be matched, and compromises in performance must be expected. 

In capillary column gas chromatography, it is often required to raise and lower the column temperature very rapidly and to raise the sample injection port temperature. In one design of gas chromatography, the Shimadzu GC 14-A, the computer-controlled flap operates to bring in the external air to cool the column oven rapidly—only 6min from 500°C to 100°C. This computer-controlled flap also ensures highly stable column temperature when it is set to a near-ambient point. The lowest controllable column temperature is about 26°C when the ambient temperature is 20°C... 

A 50 meter, 0.31 mm fused silica capillary column coated with 0.52 micron film thickness of SE-54 (Hewlett-Packard Ultra 2, 5% phenylmethyl silicone) was used for the separations with detection via flame ionization (FID) and flame photometric (FPD Hewlett-Packard Model 19256A). Injections were performed manually with the injection port at 200 C, splitter ratio 8 1, and 1 pi sample injected with temperature programming from 50 C (5 minute hold) at a 5 C/minute ramp to 180 °C (10 minute hold). Carrier gas flow was 2.5 ml/min at 40 °C and gas regulation on the FPD was hydrogen, 70 ml/min, and air, 80 ml/min for operation (310 ml/min total for ignition). 

Chromatographic System (See Chromatography, Appendix IIA.) Use a gas chromatograph equipped with a Sievers 350 (or equivalent)1 Chemiluminescence Detector (SCD) and a 30-m x 0.53-mm id, 5-mm DB-5 capillary column (J W Scientific Company, or equivalent). Set the carrier gas, helium, at a head-pressure of 5 psig. Set the injection port at 100°, and the split ratio at 1 1. Set the column temperature at 30°. The retention time for carbonyl sulfide is approximately 3 min. Operate the SCD with 190 mL/min of hydrogen and 396 mL/min of air. Optimize the gas flows and probe position of the SCD for maximum sensitivity. 

Procedure (See Chromatography, Appendix IIA.) Use a suitable gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (F and M Model 810, or equivalent), containing a 3.66-m x 3.18-mm (od) stainless steel column, or equivalent, packed with 10% Silicone SE-30, by weight, and 90% Diatoport S (60- to 80-mesh), or equivalent materials. Program the column temperature from 70° to 280°, heated at a rate of 157 min and held. Set the injection port temperature to 275° the oven temperature to 300° the hydrogen and air settings to 20 psi each and the sensitivity to 1 x 102. Use helium as the carrier gas, with a flow rate of 50 mL/min. 

CEB will be used for coal and waste combustion, and not primarily for heavy fuel oil. However, the projected large-scale test 7 MW, facility can only use heavy fuel oil. Therefore, this oil was used to test it on a small scale. A small flame tunnel with separate air and liquid fuel injectors was constructed to demonstrate the potential of CEB to recover SO2. Figure 10 shows a photograph of the set-up, with the control panel at the right hand, and the flame tunnel in the middle. The three injection ports for CEB material are visible at the front side. Through the opening in the middle (the nozzle has been removed), the flame from diesel combustion is clearly visible. In all experiments, CEB is sprayed perpendicular to the fuel stream. A portable Mass Spectrometer has been purchased to analyse the exit gases from the flame tunnel experiments on SO2. 

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