Required resolution

The required resolution for the powder coating thickness measurement problem is about 5 microns. Therefore a processing time unit of 0.08 ps (12.5 MHz) seemed to be ok (compare line 2 in table 1). First results based on real measurement are documented in Fig. 7. and are very promising result. Today corresponding patent is pending [7]. 

The purpose of the criticaUty rating is to provide guidance as to which failure modes require resolution. However, critical modes of failure resulting in unsafe operation should be given special attention, and design/verification actions should be taken to ensure that they never occur. 

Small particle size resins provide higher resolution, as demonstrated in Fig. 4.41. Low molecular weight polystyrene standards are better separated on a GIOOOHxl column packed with 5 /u,m resin than a GlOOOHg column packed with 10 /Ltm resin when compared in the same analysis time. Therefore, smaller particle size resins generally attain a better required resolution in a shorter time. In this context, SuperH columns are best, and Hhr and Hxl columns are second best. Most analyses have been carried out on these three series of H type columns. However, the performance of columns packed with smaller particle size resins is susceptible to some experimental conditions such as the sample concentration of solution, injection volume, and detector cell volume. They must be kept as low as possible to obtain the maximum resolution. Chain scissions of polymer molecules are also easier to occur in columns packed with smaller particle size resins. The flow rate should be kept low in order to prevent this problem, particularly in the analyses of high molecular weight polymers. 

Following a decay period of at least 15 hrs, the 1,524 MeV 7-photopeak of 42K is counted for 40 min with a Ge-U solid state detector and a 4096-channel analyzer. This more sophisticated counting system is necessary to obtain the required resolution, since with a Na iodide detector, the 1,524 MeV peak of 42 K overlaps with the 1.369 MeV 7-peak of the 24Na decay spectrum... 

Owing to the laminar nature of most of the flames in rotating vessels, numerical studies may be quite effective but require resolution... 

FIGURE 5.1 Required resolution for preparative purposes (R = 1.5) in contrast to that for quantitative purposes (R, = 1.0). 

Table 9.3 Long term development issues still requiring resolution.

Nixon The problem is that we lack sufficient resolution. Immunogold labelling should give the required resolution, but technically we have been unable to find evidence for them being closely localized. 

I 10 pL of soln. (4) The resolution between the peaks corresponding to human and porcine insulin is at least 1.3. (If necessary, adjust the cone, of acetonitrile in the mobile-phase by slight decrease or increase until the required resolution is obtained. 

Selection of capillary length is dictated by the type of capillary used and the required resolution. When using coated capillaries with insignificant EOF, separations can be achieved with relatively short capillaries of 20 to 30 cm effective length... 

An approximate calculation for the differences in optical retardation for the central and the extreme ray of a beam-path which is diverging as it travels through the FTIR modulator, separated by a half-angle (in radians) of a, shows that the maximum allowable value of a to achieve a required resolution Av at a wavenumber of is ... 

Taking an example of a measurement at 5000 cm with a required resolution of 2cm but a wavenumber accuracy requirement of 0.04 cm (which are entirely typical of the requirements for a demanding near-infrared quantitative application) - the limit on is about 0.8° for the resolution, but around 0.2° for the wavenumber accuracy. 

Once the chromatogr hic system has been selected, the problem reduces to the design of a column having the required resolution power while minimizing analysis time and possibly inlet pressure. Before discussing this problem we need to know the relationships between analysis time, flow velocity, and pressure, and between resolving,power and flow veloclly. 

Gant et al. (175) examined the effect of temperature on resolution and on selectivity, retention factors, and plate number, which determine the magnitude of resolution. They found that these data can be used together with the lempeniliire dependence of solvent viscosity to optimize iinaivsis rate with required resolution. This is of particular interest when RFC is used for automated repetitive analyses of lar e numbers of samples. 

In the operation of preparative columns, it is necessary to obtain the maximum mass throughput per unit time and, at the same time, achieve the required resolution. Consequently, the column will be operated at the optimum velocity as in the case of analytical columns. Furthermore, the D Arcy equation will still hold and the equation for the optimum particle diameter can be established in exactly the same way as the optimum particle diameter of the analytical column. The equation is fundamentally the same as that given for the optimum particle diameter for a packed analytical column, i.e. (18) In chapter 12, except that (a) and (k ) have different meanings. 

Voltage measurements that require resolution of tens of nanovolts for signals of the order 1 f V (measured to 1%) can be made with commercially available instrumentation. To reduce noise in the... 

Remember also, that, as pointed out by Blass and Halsey (1981), deconvolution can be used to achieve resolution otherwise unavailable or to obtain a specific required resolution using hardware with a factor of 2 to 3 less in resolving power. To the dedicated experimental scientist this may sound like heresy. We are sure that in 1984 such reactions are not uncommon in 1994 it is likely that most observational devices will have a deconvolution processor imbedded in them and that the deconvolution processor will, in fact, be thought of as an integral part of the experimental apparatus. 

A substantial number of the metabolites isolated still require resolution of stereochemical ambiguities, particularly those examples in which the C-3 acyl groups contain multiple stereogenic centres. A point of interest relates to the isolation of tetramic acid metabolites as salts and whether or not these salts represent the natural form of the metabolites. 

The technique requires simultaneous fast and accurate measurements of both the vertical velocity and the trace species in question. Fortunately the technology for the measurement of turbulence with the necessary resolution is available. Sonic anemometers can readily yield air motion data with the required resolution (10). Likewise, the ability to handle the air motion and chemical concentration data with modern computer data systems is well in hand (II). Thus these aspects can be ignored, and the major limitation can be dealt with the availability of appropriate chemical sensors with sufficient time and chemical resolution. 

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