Stoddard solvent

1- trichloroethane did not show elevated liver enzymes. Histopathological examination of the liver of patients who died following inhalation of a high concentration of 

1- trichloroethane with hepatocyte necrosis. The most commonly reported effects of 

1- trichloroethane on the liver in experimental animals is increased fat accumula-tion. The function of duration of exposure played an important role in experimental rats, and was seen in those who were exposed for 7 hours, but was not seen in those exposed for 2 hours in high levels. Savolainen et al. showed that exposure to a moderate concentration in experimental animals caused decreased microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. Overall, the animal studies and human studies suggest an effect of 1,1,1 -trichloroefliane on the liver, but the severity appears to be related to the dose and duration of the exposure. 20.7.11 SUMMARY 

In summary, from the available data, it is clear fliat exposure to solvents and hepatotoxicity must be evaluated in context of the individual variability, exposure to mixture of solvents, and synergistic toxicity. 

Jones DS, ed. Detoxification A Clinical Monograph, Institute for Functional Medicine, Inc., 1999 Ungar, Viertelsjarisch f. gericht. Med., 47 98 (1887) 

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Stoddard solvent VM P naphtha Phenacyl chloride, see a-Chloroacetophenone... 

Stibine, see Antimony hydride Stoddard solvent Strontium chromate Strychnine Styrene, monomer Subtilisins (proteolitic enzymes as 100% pure crystalline enzyme)... 

Dry cleaning - Several solvents exist to replace the ozone-depleting solvents that have traditionally been used by the dry cleaning industry. Perchloroethylene has been used for more than three decades. Petroleum solvents, while flammable, can be safely used when appropriate safety precautions are taken. They include white spirit, Stoddard solvent, hydrocarbon solvents, isoparaffins, and n-paraffin. A... 

Stella Chemifa, 188 Stepan Company, 248 Steraloids Inc., 248 Sterling Chemicals hic., 249 Stoddard Solvent, 121... 

Rogers, Pilot Plant Preparation of PBXN-1 By The Stoddard Solvent Slurry Process , NAVORD 5799 (1958). 26) Anon, Thermal And Stability Properties of LASL PBX 9404 , Mason Hanger — Silas Mason Co, Inc, Iowa, nugieS nept a yiyjoj t) n.a. d am bl m,... 

Petroleum distillates, see Gasoline Stoddard solvent VM P naphtha ... 

Stoddard solvent is a petroleum distillate widely used as a dry-cleaning solvent and as a general cleaner and degreaser. It may also be used as paint thinner, as a solvent in some types of photocopier toners, in some types of printing inks, and in some adhesives. Stoddard solvent is considered to be a form of mineral spirits, white spirits, and naphtha however, not all forms of mineral spirits, white spirits, and naphtha are considered to be Stoddard solvent. 

Stoddard solvent consists (volume basis) of linear and branched alkanes (30 to 50%), cycloalkanes (30 to 40%), and aromatic hydrocarbons (10 to 20%). Alcohols, glycols, and ketones are not included in the composition, as few, if any, of these types of compounds are expected to be present in Stoddard solvent. Possible contaminants may include lead (<1 ppm) and sulfur (3.5 ppm). 

Freely soluble in Stoddard solvent (Windholz et al., 1983), chloroform, methanol (Probst et al, 1967), acetone (400 g/L), xylene (580 g/L) (Worthing and Hance, 1991), ether, and ethanol (quoted, Bailey and White, 1965)... 

Uses. Solvent organic synthesis distillation chaser major ingredient of such petroleum fractions as VM P naphtha, 140 flash, Stoddard solvent, and gasoline... 

Toxieology. Stoddard solvent is a mild central nervous system depressant and a mucous membrane irritant. 

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