Range heavy ions

Lindhard, J., Scharff, M., Schiott, H.E. Range concepts and heavy ion ranges (notes on atomic collisions II). Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. 33(14), 3 (1963)... 

A rather useful rule-of-thumb equation for predicting heavy-ion ranges (m = 1/2), usually with an accuracy of -30-40%. is given by... 

Henk RP, Benton EV (1967) Charged particle tracks in polymers No.5. A computer code for the computation of heavy ion range-energy relationships in any stopping material. U S Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory TechnRep 67-122... 

Since the radioactive half-lives of the known transuranium elements and their resistance to spontaneous fission decrease with increase in atomic number, the outlook for the synthesis of further elements might appear increasingly bleak. However, theoretical calculations of nuclear stabilities, based on the concept of closed nucleon shells (p. 13) suggest the existence of an island of stability around Z= 114 and N= 184. Attention has therefore been directed towards the synthesis of element 114 (a congenor of Pb in Group 14 and adjacent superheavy elements, by bombardment of heavy nuclides with a wide range of heavy ions, but so far without success. 

The equation of state (EOS), the composition and the possible occurrence of phase transitions in nuclear matter are widely discussed topics not only in nuclear theory, but are also of great interest in astrophysics and cosmology. Experiments on heavy ion collisions, performed over the last decades, gave new insight into the behavior of nuclear systems in a broad range of densities and temperatures. The observed cluster abundances, their spectral distribution... 

In addition to the fundamental scientific aspects, many studies on the chemical effects of heavy ion radiolysis have significant practical applications. These applications range from the nuclear power industry [26,27], space radiation effects [28], medical therapy [29],... 

Figure 2 Range, csda, of some heavy ions [42] and electrons [44] in water as a function of energy. The dotted lines show the range for heavy ions of equal velocity.

The next few subsections will present data for the products in the radiolysis of water with a wide variety of heavy ions. Product yields with heavy ions are rarely constant in time, but most of them vary slowly in the microsecond region. Furthermore, most chemical systems used to probe yields with heavy ions were developed for examining fast electron or y-radiolysis in the microsecond region. The following discussion on product yields can be assumed to apply to the microsecond time regime. Because a wide range of systems are used to determine product yields, consistency between the different experiments can be obtained by examination of the material balance. The net decomposition of water can be obtained by setting the number of H atoms in each product equal to the number of H atoms in the net water decomposed to form that product and similarly for O atoms [16]. 

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