Fuels aviation fuel

Aviation fuel Aviation fuels Aviation gasolines Aviation turbine fuel Avicel... 

On this basis, petroleum may have some value in the crude state but, when refined, provides fuel gas, petrochemical gas (methane, ethane, propane, and butane), fiansportation fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel), solvents, lubricants, asphalt, and many other products. In addition to the hydrocarbon constituents, petroleum does contain heteroatomic (nonhydrocarbon) species, but they are in the minority compared to the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms. They do, nevertheless, impose a major influence on the behavior of petroleum and petroleum products as well as on the refining processes (Speight and Ozum, 2002). 

The PetroClean bioremediation system treats biodegradable contaminants (i.e., gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel, solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and other organic compounds in soils and groundwater. 

Diesel fuel Aviation fuel Gasoline Incineration Structural fires Residential wood burning Utility power generation Home heating fuel Commercial fuel Sulfates... 

The fuels derived from petroleum contribute between one-third and one-half of the world s total supply of energy. They are used not only for transportation fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel, and jet fuel), but also to heat buildings. Petroleum products are used to lubricate machines and a once-maligned byproduct, asphalt, is used to provide highway surface and roofing materials. 

Specifications and test methods for jet fuel. The specifications of jet fuels are set at the international level and are written into the Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems". 

Anon. (1983), Handbook of aviation fuel properties. Coordinating Research Council, report No. 530, Atlanta, GA. Distributed by SAE, Inc., Warrendale, PA,... 

The storage of chemicals, lubricants, aviation fuel and diesel fuel is normally on the platforms, with chemicals kept in bulk storage or in drums depending on the quantities. A typical diesel storage would be adequate to run back-up power generators for around a week, but the appropriate storage for each item would need to be specified in the FDR... 

Urea has the remarkable property of forming crystalline complexes or adducts with straight-chain organic compounds. These crystalline complexes consist of a hoUow channel, formed by the crystallized urea molecules, in which the hydrocarbon is completely occluded. Such compounds are known as clathrates. The type of hydrocarbon occluded, on the basis of its chain length, is determined by the temperature at which the clathrate is formed. This property of urea clathrates is widely used in the petroleum-refining industry for the production of jet aviation fuels (see Aviation and other gas-TURBINE fuels) and for dewaxing of lubricant oils (see also Petroleum, refinery processes). The clathrates are broken down by simply dissolving urea in water or in alcohol. 

Miscellaneous, New, and Developmental Antimicrobial Agents. Table 11 shows some of the antimicrobials that do not neady fit into the principal families. Acrolein (qv) is a unique chemical used for secondary oil recovery (43). Biobor has become the antimicrobial addition of choice for aviation fuels (44). Cbloropbtbalonil (tetrachloroisophthalnitrile [1897-45-6]) is a significant agricultural fungicide, in addition to being one of the most important latex paint film preservatives (producer, ISK). 

The fluoroelastomers possess good mbber properties with the added advantages of being nonburning, hydrophobic, and solvent- and fuel-resistant. In addition to these, because of flexibiHty down to about —60° C, these polymers have been used in seals, gaskets, and hoses in army tanks, in aviation fuel lines and tanks, as well as in cold-climate oil pipeline appHcations. These polymers have also found appHcation in various types of shock mounts for vibration dampening (14,17). 

The impetus to develop the petroleum refining industry came from several changes in life-styles. The increased needs for illuminants, for fuel to drive the factories of the industrial revolution, for gasoline to power the automobiles, as well as the demand for aviation fuel, all contributed to the increased use of petroleum. 

Aircraft Fuels. Demand for aviation gas turbine fuels has been growing more rapidly than demand for other petroleum products since 1960, about 3—5% per year compared with 1% for all oil products. This strong demand reflects a current and predicted growth in worldwide air traffic of 4—7% annually until the end of the century. Total world oil demand will be up by 15% by the year 2000, but aviation fuel demand will increase by 50—125%. However, the fraction of the oil barrel devoted to aviation, now about 8%, will increase only slightly. 

M. CiTsSSF., Aviation Fuels, G. T. FouHs Co., Ltd., Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, UK, 1970. 

Aviation Fuel Safety—1975, CRC Report No. 482, Coordinating Research Council, Inc., Atianta, Ga., Nov. 1975. 

W. G. Dukek, Ball-on-Cylinder Testing for Aviation Fuel Lubricity, SAE 881537, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1988. 

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