Other Alcohols

The natural variation range of GF in wines, as long as they have not been produced from noble rot material, lies between 8 and 10. Values above 12 indicate an additive. Low amounts of additive cannot be safely detected using the GF. More suitable is then the use of GC-MS to test the wine for the by-products of the technical synthesis of glycerol, e. g. 3-methoxypropanediol or cyclic diglycerols. Sorbitol is found in very low amounts. D-Mannitol is not present in healthy wines, but is present in spoiled, bacteria-infected wines at levels up to 35 g/1. 

The pH of grape wine is between 2.8 and 3.8. Titratable acidity in German wines is between 4 and 9 g/1 (expressed as tartaric acid). Acid degradation and cream of tartar precipitation decrease the acid content of ripe wines. Red wines generally contain less acids than white wines. The wines from Mediterranean countries 

Botrytis cinerea can form gluconic acid in concentrations of up to 2 g/1 of must. Therefore, this acid is found in the corresponding wines. 

Menthol C10H19OH, camphols (also called bomeols) C10H17OH, and furfuryl alcohol C4H3OCH2OH have no action on aluminium. 

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The fatty acids occur in nature chiefly as glycerides see fats), which constitute the most important part of the fats and oils, and as esters of other alcohols, the waxes. The naturally occurring fatty acids are mostly the normal straight-chain acids with an even number of carbon atoms. 

Glycol and glycerol are odourless the other alcohols have faint odours, that of benzyl alcohol being characteristic. 

Iodoform Reaction. To 0 5 ml. of ethanol add 3 ml. of 10% KI solution and 10 ml. of NaOCl solution. Warm gently fine yellow crystals of CHI3 separate. Isopropanol gives CHIj in the cold. Pure methanol and the other alcohols in this section go not give the reaction. 

The free acids are obtained upon acidification. Fata usually consist of mixtures of glycerides. The term wax is usually applied to esters of fatty acids with other alcohols such as cetyl alcohol CH3(CH2),4CHjOH and oleyl alcohol CH3(CHj),CH=CH(CHj),CH30H. 

Other alcohols behave similarly Secondary alcohols undergo elimination at lower tern peratures than primary alcohols... 

In addition to being regioselective alcohol dehydrations are stereoselective A stereo selective reaction is one m which a single starting material can yield two or more stereoisomeric products but gives one of them m greater amounts than any other Alcohol dehydrations tend to produce the more stable stereoisomer of an alkene Dehydration of 3 pentanol for example yields a mixture of trans 2 pentene and cis 2 pentene m which the more stable trans stereoisomer predominates... 

Section 13 12 Splitting resulting from coupling to the O—H proton of alcohols is not normally observed because the hydroxyl proton undergoes rapid inter molecular exchange with other alcohol molecules which decouples it from other protons in the molecule... 

Methanol ethanol and isopropyl alcohol are included among the readily available starting materials commonly found m laboratories where organic synthesis is carried out So too are many other alcohols All alcohols of four carbons or fewer as well as most... 

Hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile is then reacted with methanol (or other alcohol) to yield methacrylate ester. Free-radical polymerization is initiated by peroxide or azo catalysts and produce poly(methyl methacrylate) resins having the following formula ... 

Difluoroethanol is prepared by the mercuric oxide cataly2ed hydrolysis of 2-bromo-l,l-difluoroethane with carboxyHc acid esters and alkaH metal hydroxides ia water (27). Its chemical reactions are similar to those of most alcohols. It can be oxidi2ed to difluoroacetic acid [381-73-7] (28) it forms alkoxides with alkaH and alkaline-earth metals (29) with alkoxides of other alcohols it forms mixed ethers such as 2,2-difluoroethyl methyl ether [461-57-4], bp 47°C, or 2,2-difluoroethyl ethyl ether [82907-09-3], bp 66°C (29). 2,2-Difluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether [32778-16-8], made from the alcohol and chlorodifluoromethane ia aqueous base, has been iavestigated as an inhalation anesthetic (30,31) as have several ethers made by addition of the alcohol to various fluoroalkenes (32,33). Methacrylate esters of the alcohol are useful as a sheathing material for polymers ia optical appHcations (34). The alcohol has also been reported to be useful as a working fluid ia heat pumps (35). The alcohol is available ia research quantities for ca 6/g (1992). 

The term gasohol has come into wide usage to identify, generally, a blend of gasoline and ethanol, with the latter derived from grain. The term may also be appHed to blends of methanol or other alcohols in gasolines or other hydrocarbons, without regard to sources of components. 

Reactivity is measured by placing a standard quantity, 100 mL, of isopropyl alcohol in a 500- or 1000-mL Dewar flask equipped with a stirrer and a temperature-measuring device. The temperature of the alcohol is adjusted to 30°C. Thirty-six grams of the sample are added and the temperature is observed as a function of time from the addition until a maximum is reached. Reactivity is defined as the temperature rise divided by the time interval to reach this maximum. Other alcohols may also be used for measuring reactivity (30). 

The physical characteristics of /i /f-amyl alcohol diverge from the standard trends for the other alcohols it has a lower boiling point, higher melting point, higher vapor pressure, and low surface tension. Most notably, organic molecules are highly soluble in /i /f-amyl alcohol. 

The mean exposure limit value for 3-methyl-1-butanol in the air of workplaces was set at 100 ppm in 1984 by the ACGIH (135). Standards have not been set for the other alcohols (135). 

The demand for amyl alcohols is expected to remain unchanged until 1993. Competition from other alcohols and limited appHcations limit growth in markets for amyl alcohols. U.S. demand was predicted to grow from 29 x 10 t in 1983 to 32 x Kf t by 1990 (152). In Europe, amyl alcohols account for over 80% of the demand for valeraldehyde (17,000 t in 1984). BASE and Hoechst AG produce both / -valeraldehyde and 2-methylbutyraldehyde from butenes by the oxo process (149). The demand for C-5 in Europe is also predicted not to grow substantially (150). Amyl alcohols are growing at a much lower rate than other oxo alcohols as shown in Table 7. 

Linalool has been used to prepare a mixture of terpenes useful for enhancing the aroma or taste of foodstuffs, chewing gums, and perfume compositions. Aqueous citric acid reaction at 100°C converts the linalool (3) to a complex mixture. A few of the components include a-terpineol (34%) (9), Bois de Rose oxide (5.1%) (64), ocimene quintoxide (0.5%) (65), linalool oxide (0.3%) (66), tij -ocimenol (3.28%) (67), and many other alcohols and hydrocarbons (131). 

A1koxid.es of other alcohols are formed by alcohol exchange. The general stabihty of the alcohols in exchange is primary > secondary > tertiary, although the reaction can be driven in the opposite direction by removal of the more volatile alcohol ... 

The overall growth for -butyraldehyde depends primarily on / -butanol and 2-ethyIhexanol. 2-EthyIhexanol is expected to face competition from other alcohols, eg, isodecyl alcohol [25339-17-7] as well as from newer production sources. 

Esterification. The hydroxyl groups of sugars can react with organic and inorganic acids just as other alcohols do. Both natural and synthetic carbohydrate esters are important in various apphcations (1,13). Phosphate monoesters of sugars are important in metabohc reactions. An example is the enzyme-catalyzed, reversible aldol addition between dibydroxyacetone phosphate [57-04-51 and D-ylyceraldehyde 3-phosphate [591-57-1 / to form D-fmctose 1,6-bisphosphate [488-69-7],... 

Other solvents can be divided into several classes. In hydrogen bond-breaking solvents (dipolar aprotics), the simple amino, hydroxy and mercapto heterocycles all dissolve. In the hydrophobic solvents, hydrogen bonding substituents greatly decrease the solubility. Ethanol and other alcohols take up a position intermediate between water and the hydro-phobic solvents (63PMH 1)177). 

Ethyl acetate-ethanol Minimum-hoiling azeotrope Higher esters or alcohols, aromatics Process similar for other alcohol-ester systems... 

H-Bond Acceptor-Donor (HBAD) Phenols Aromatic acids Aromatic amines Alpha H nitriles Iniines Monocarboj hc acids Other monoacids Peracids Alpha H nitros Azines Primary amines Secondary amines n-alcohols Other alcohols Ether alcohols... 

Solid esters are easily crystallisable materials. It is important to note that esters of alcohols must be recrystallised either from non-hydroxylic solvents (e.g. toluene) or from the alcohol from which the ester is derived. Thus methyl esters should be crystallised from methanol or methanol/toluene, but not from ethanol, n-butanol or other alcohols, in order to avoid alcohol exchange and contamination of the ester with a second ester. Useful solvents for crystallisation are the corresponding alcohols or aqueous alcohols, toluene, toluene/petroleum ether, and chloroform (ethanol-free)/toluene. Esters of carboxylic acid derived from phenols... 

Reductions with alcohols other than t-butyl alcohol are carried out using the general procedure given above and replacing the -butyl alcohol by an equivalent amount of the other alcohol. 

Although lead tetraacetate can attack many polar and nonpolar functions in the steroid molecule, its greatest reactivity is towards vicinal diols. These diols are generally cleaved so rapidly under stoichiometric conditions that other alcohol functions in the molecule need not be protected. Thus lead tetraacetate in acetic acid at room temperature splits the 17a,20-diol group in (9) to yield the 17-ketone (10), the allylic A -3jS-alcohol remaining intact during this oxidation. Since lead tetraacetate is solublein many anhydrous... 

Liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is relatively nonspecific and will oxidize ethanol or other alcohols, including methanol. Methanol oxidation yields formaldehyde, which is quite toxic, causing, among other things, blindness. Mistaking it for the cheap... 

From an aldehyde MeOH, Pd-C, 100°, 40 bar, 80-95% yield. Other alcohols can be used to prepare other ethers. 

IPA, NaOH, AC2O, pH 7.8. Phenols are selectively esterified in the presence of other alcohols. These authors also showed that an alcohol could be acetylated in the presence of an amine using AC2O and Amberlyst 15 resin. 

Sm, I2, EtOH, 82-100% yield. Esters of other alcohols are similarly deacylated. ... 

Sterically hindered amines often tend to form ureas with (BOC)20, because of isocyanate formation. The problem can be avoided by reacting the amine with NaHMDS and then with (BOC)20. The isocyanates can also be converted to the BOC group by heating with r-BuOH. When other alcohols are used, the corresponding carbamate is produced. ... 

To cleave the isoxazole ring, good results were also obtained by using other alcoholates as well as the recently suggested sodium amide, The latter is, however, hardly to be recommended as a general reagent. 

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