Atmospheric distillation

Process Atmospheric distillation Atmospheric distillation FCC Hydro- cracking Vis- breaking Coking Hydrocracking... 

Pressure distillation Atmospheric pressure distillation Vacuum distillation... 

Two-Stage Crude Distillation (Atmospheric and Vacuum) The vacuum stage can be used alternately to produce heavy gas oil for catalytic cracking feed or raw lube distillate cuts for lubricating oil manufacture. 

Solvent deasphalting (Chang and Murphy, 1992 Van Tine and Feintuch, 1997) provides an extension to vacuum distillation and is a later addition to the petroleum refinery. Before its use, many processes capable of removing asphaltic materials from feedstocks were employed in the form of distillation (atmospheric and vacuum), as well as clay and sulfuric acid treatment. 

Distillation is a veiy common method for purifying liquids. Atmospheric distillation (general distillation), vacuum distillation, and steam distillation are the three common methods of distillation. Atmospheric distillation takes place at atmospheric pressure, which means the distillation apparatus is open to the air. Vacuum distillation utilizes reduced pressure to distill a liquid at lower temperature. Vacuum distillation is commonly used to distill liquids, which tend to decompose at their atmospheric boiling points. Vacuum distillation is also used to conveniently distill liquids with relatively high boiling points at a much more efficient temperature. Steam distillation is similar to atmospheric distillation, but steam is used to promote volatility. Steam distillation only works on liquids or solids, which are volatile with steam. 

Crude oil contains a number of elements other than carbon and hydrogen, which produce severe environmental impacts and must be removed. [1, 2] The principal method of their removal is catalytic hydrotreating. Many of the important crude oils have sulfur contents 1-6% by weight and nitrogen up to one percent. Ttic most important metals are vanadium and nickel, which may be as high as 1000 parts per million. These elements tend to be much more concentrated in the heavier portions in the crude oil, particularly in the residuum after distillation atmospheric resid boils above 650° F and vacuum resid boils above 1020° F. The process of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is often carried out in parallel or in series with the process of hydrodemetallation (HDM). 

Pressure (distillation Atmospheric pressure (distillation Vacuum (distillation 0.5Q2 0.3Q2 0.15D Branan, C. R., The Process Engineer s Pocket Handbook, Vol. 1, Gulf Publishing Co., 1976. 

Consideration of the nature of the petrochemical refinery itself gives some clues as to another source of its profit problem. In the simple, basic unit depicted in Figure 2 thermal cracking dominates the operation. Over 90% of the crude input is consumed without regard to relative values. Thus, it is an indiscriminate cracker of butanes, light naphtha, heavy naphtha, kerosene, distillate, atmospheric gas oil, and vacuum gas oil. Since acceptably similar product slates can be obtained from many of these fractions, it is obvious that the economics suffer when the high valued naphtha and kerosene fractions are thermally cracked. 

During fractional distillations (atmospheric or with vacuum), the lightest volatile ingredients of the bitumen are removed, which results in an increase in asphaltene concentration. Asphaltene concentration also increases during the oxidation (air-blowing) process. This fact makes the bitumen harder and less susceptible to temperature variations (increase of the penetration index value). 

Temperature-dependent rate constants, (RCs), are fundamental parameters to be used in numerical simulations of macroscopic chemical processes such as combustion, distillation, atmospheric chemistry etc. [1-5]. Consequently, measuring RCs, although being very difficult and not always rewarding, is one of the most important tasks many experimental chemists have been carrying out with a lot of devotion for several decades [6-8]. 

The production of large scale quantities of the more abundant atmospheric gases and the rare gases is accomplished by cryogenic fractional distillation of atmospheric air. The general techniques required to liquefy and distill atmospheric air were known and applied at the beginning of the twentieth century. 

Vacuum distillation Atmospheric tower residual Gas oil, lube stock, residual... 

High-boiling hydrocarbon fractions (heavy residues) used as feedstock for petroleum (xikc are residues from distillation (atmospheric pressure, vacuum) or cracking (e.g. thermal. 

Fractionation equipment, a vacuum pipestill (VPS) or vacuum distillation unit (VDU) is used to distill atmospheric bottoms into gas oil or lube distillate cuts. 

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