Analytical chemistry National Environmental

Standardization. Standardization in analytical chemistry, in which standards are used to relate the instrument signal to compound concentration, is the critical function for determining the relative concentrations of species In a wide variety of matrices. Environmental Standard Reference Materials (SRM s) have been developed for various polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH s). Information on SRM s can be obtained from the Office of Standard Reference Materials, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899. Summarized in Table VII, these SRM s range from "pure compounds" in aqueous and organic solvents to "natural" matrices such as shale oil and urban and diesel particulate materials. 

Sample analyses were carried out by a number of laboratories. We are grateful to Mr. Mark E. Peden and Ms. Loretta M. Skowron of the Water Survey s Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Unit for atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Mr. L. R. Henderson of the Illinois State Geological Survey for X-ray Fluorescence specto-scopy, and Dr. T. A. Cahill of the University of Califomia-Davis for elemental analysis. Mr. R. G. Semonin reviewed the manuscript. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ATM-7724294, and by the Department of Energy, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research, under Contract No. EY-76-S-02-1199. 

Current experimental work in this area is still by and large in the analytical chemistry phase of development. Pertinent biological studies have not yet made significant headway because they are dependent on a firm chemistry base. Principal sponsors of current research, in addition to the Department of Interior, include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), National Science Foundation (NSF), and utility companies (12). 

Stanley E. Manahan is a professor of chemistry at the University of Missouri-Columbia, where he has been on the faculty since 1965, and is president of ChemChar Research, Inc., a firm developing nonincinerative thermochemical waste treatment processes. He received his A.B. in chemistry from Emporia State University in 1960 and his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from the University of Kansas in 1965. Since 1968, his primary research and professional activities have been in environmental chemistry, toxicological chemistry, and waste treatment. He teaches courses on environmental chemistry, hazardous wastes, toxicological chemistry, and analytical chemistry. He has lectured on these topics throughout the United States as an American Chemical Society local section tour speaker, in Puerto Rico, at Hokkaido University in Japan, at the National Autonomous University in Mexico City, and at the University of the Andes in Merida, Venezuela. He was the recipient of the Year 2000 Award of the environmental chemistry division of the Italian Chemical Society. 

This book aims to serve different readers from the fields of environmental and analytical chemistry as well as researchers in civil and military laboratories. The National Authorities of the States Parties to the CWC may find the book useful as... 

The Analytical Chemistry Branch (ACB) of the Environmental Mon-itoring and Support Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has a number of responsibilities for analytical support. Analyses of fuels, sources, and ambient samples are performed along with the analyses of divers other types of specimens including tissue, both plant and animal. One of the major areas of support rendered by the ACB is in support of the National Air Siurveillance Networks (NASN) a portion of this support consists of the analysis of collected material for airborne metallic elemental content. This chapter will, in the main, be a summary of the work done by the ACB with respect to the collection and analysis of airborne metallic elements. 

At a recent conference on analytical chemistry held by the Royal Australian Chemical Institute [10], an environmental consultant, bemoaned the presence of analytical laboratories which, while being fully registered with the appropriate body (in Australia the National Association of Testing Authorities - NATA) did not consistently provide results that were fit for purpose . Costs were being cut to the point that, in the opinion of the speaker, the results were almost meaningless. 

The tools of modern analytical chemistry are widely applied in environmental investigations. In this feature, we describe a case study in which quantitative analysis was used to determine the agent that caused deaths in a population of white-tailed deer inhabiting a wildlife preserve of a national recreational area in Kentucky. We begin with a description of the problem and then show how the steps illustrated in Figure 1 -2 were used to solve the analytical problem. This case study also shows how chemical analysis is used in a broad context as an integral part of a feedback control system, as depicted in Figure 1-3. 

All the above mentioned activities are the result of fruitful collaboration between the following institutions Bergische Universitat Wuppertal, Germany "Al.I.Cuza" University of Iasi, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Romania Ecole des Mines de Douai, Departement Chimie et Environnement, France Fundadon Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo, Patema, Valencia, Spain National Institute for Environmental Studies, Atmospheric Environment Division, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. 

Jalal Hawari has been with the National Research Council of Canada since 1983. He is a principal research scientist and leader of the Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Group at the Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI). He obtained his Ph.D. in chemistry from the Christopher Ingold Laboratories at University College London. Since 1994, Hawari has served as an adjunct professor at McGill University. His current research is focused on detection, fate, and ecological impact biotransformation pathways of pollutants and new substances and development of green processes for the extraction and conversion of renewable feedstocks into value-added products such as fine... 

The latter half of the twentieth century has taken the United States and other developed nations from a postindustrial era to a new age that some people refer to as a period that is rich in information technology. We enter the new millenium as a nation in transition, and people want to know to what extent chemical substances have contaminated the environment. In the United States and other postindustrial nations, manufacturing and related human activities that were so dominant in both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries appear to have left their mark on the environment. This book provides the tools necessary to begin to answer the contamination questions by introducing the reader to that part of the science of contemporary analytical chemistry that is devoted to environmental monitoring, testing, and interpretation. All of these aspects are conveniently summarized in the term Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis (TEQA). 

Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Divisions of Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Geochemistry, Inc., and Analytical Chemistry at the 225 National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in New Orleans, Louisiana, Mar. 23-27, 2003. 

Accuracy is a term describing deviation of an observ value (or the mean of observed value) from the "true" or, more realistically, the generally acceptable value. For example, the "true value" of a parameter (e.g., %Ni, %Fe, %S) of a well-defined sample is the mean value obtained by the work of several teams of experienced, competent analytical chemists. The National Institute of Standards and Technology, formerly National Bureau of Standards, make available to the analytical chemistry community a series of carefully prepared materials analyzed by several kinds of established methods, known as Standard Reference Materials, including metals, minerals, and environmental samples. 

As microwave sample preparation has evolved, standard microwave procedures have been developed and approved by numerous standard methods organizations. Table 1 summarizes the different methods approved for either microwave drying or microwave acid dissolution by the Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (AOAC), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), Standard Method, and Erench and Chinese national methods. 

When available, standard methods of sampling and analysis should be used. The International Standard Organisation (ISO), the Comite Europeen de Normalisation (CEN) and various national bodies have published several methods for determination of airborne contaminants. Primary sources are the compendia of methods recommended by the regulatory bodies, i.e. the UK, HSE the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The HSE has published Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances (MDHS) for over 70 specific substances (Health and Safety Executive 1981-95). OSHA and NIOSH have published manuals with more than 500 and 100 sampling and analytical methods respectively (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1994 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1985). Secondary sources are published literature references in, for example. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, the American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, or Analytical Chemistry. 

Founded in 1944, the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) develops standards, conducts product testing, and provides certification services in areas related to public health and safety. Technical resources include the operation of physical and performance testing facilities and analytical chemistry and microbiology laboratories. NSF International operates as a not-for-profit nongovernmental organization. NSF develops national standards, provides learning opportunities, and provides third-party conformity assessment services. The foundation known and recognized for its scientific and technical expertise continues to focus on a variety of pertinent issues related to health and environmental sciences. 

Ide HM. 1986. Americium and plutonium in fecal samples a screening procedure. In Health and environmental chemistry Analytical techniques, data management, and quality assurance. Gautier MA, Gladney ES, eds. Los Alamos, NM Los Alamos National Laboratory. Report LA-10300-M. 

The ability to provide accurate and reliable data is central to the role of analytical chemists, not only in areas like the development and manufacture of drugs, food control or drinking water analysis, but also in the field of environmental chemistry, where there is an increasing need for certified laboratories (ISO 9000 standards). The quality of analytical data is a key factor in successfully identifying and monitoring contamination of environmental compartments. In this context, a large collection of methods applied to the routine analysis of prime environmental pollutants has been developed and validated, and adapted in nationally or internationally harmonised protocols (DIN, EPA). Information on method performance generally provides data on specificity, accuracy, precision (repeatability and reproducibility), limit of detection, sensitivity, applicability and practicability, as appropriate. 

---