Toxicological chemistry

Department of Toxicological Chemistry, Medical University, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland... 

Kapustka, L.A., Williams, B.A., and Fairbrother, A. (1996). Evaluating risk predictions at population and community levels in pesticide registration. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry 15, 427-431. 

Meled, M., Thrasyvoulou, A., and Belzunces, L.P. (1998). Seasonal variation in susceptibility of Apis mellifera to the synergistic action of prochloraz and deltamethrin. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry 17, 2517-2520. 

Walker, J.D., Jaworska, J., Comer, M.H.I., Schultz, T.W., Deardon, J.C. (2003) Guidelines for Developing and Using Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 22(8), 1653. 

Russom, C.L., Bradbury, S.R., Broderius, S.R., Hammermeister, D.E., Drummond, RA. (1997) Predicting Modes of Toxic Action from Chemical Structure Acute Toxicity in the Fathead Minniw (Pimephalespromelas). Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 16(5), 948-967. 

Department of Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry (ETC), University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WVAmsterdam, The Netherlands... 

Lefkovitz, L. Crecelius, E. McElroy, N. 1996, The use of Polyethylene Alone to Predict Dissolved-phase Organics in the Columbia River. Presented at the 17th annual meeting Society of Environmental Toxicology Chemistry November 17-21, 1996 Washington, D.C. 

Dr. Ricoux prepared his Ph.D. in the Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry (Director Dr. D. Mansuy), at Paris 5, on a bioinorganic subject dealing with the production and reactivity studies of catalytic antibodies with a metallopor-phyrin cofactor or hemoabzymes. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Paris 12 in 2001. 

Metcalfe C.D., X. Miao, B.G. Koenig, and I. Struger (2003). Distribution of acidic and neutral drugs in surface waters near sewage treatment plants in the lower Great Lakes, Canada. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry 22 2881-2889. 

Stronkhorst Joost, Cor Schipper, Jos Brils, Marco Dubbeldam, Jaap Postma, Nelly van de Hoeven (2003). Using marine bioassays to classify the toxicity of Dutch harbor sediments.. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 22 (7) 1535-47. 

The U.S. FDA states in the Guidance for Nonclinical Studies for Development of Pharmaceutical Excipients (2) that they will continue to consider factors such as use in previously approved products, GRAS-status, or a food additive to evaluate the safety of a new excipient. The FDA states . .. an excipient with documented prior human exposure under circumstances relevant to the proposed use may not require evaluation in a full battery of toxicology studies... FDA also states under some circumstances (e.g., similar route of administration, level of exposure, patient population, and duration of exposure) other factors can adequately qualify an excipient (2). The sponsor of a new excipient should meet with the FDA to provide information regarding the toxicology, chemistry, manufacturing, and controls necessary to evaluate a potential new excipient. 

New experimental data on the hydrolysis of dilute solutions of carbon tetrachloride indicate clearly that the reaction is first order in CCI4.157 This is contrary to die classical work of Fells and Moelwyn-Hughes, whose data have been reanalysed and shown to be consistent with first-order kinetics. The same research group has carried out extensive work on the kinetics of hydrolysis (neutral or alkaline) of many halogenated hydrocarbons in relation to studies in environmental and toxicological chemistry.158... 

Toxicological chemistry. 2. Environmental chemistry. 3. Biochemical toxicology. I. 

The assistance of David Packer, Publisher, CRC Press, in developing the third edition of Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry is gratefully acknowledged. The author would also like to acknowledge the excellent work of Judith Simon, Project Editor, and the staff of CRC Press in the production of this book. 

Stanley E. Manahan is a professor of chemistry at the University of Missouri-Columbia, where he has been on the faculty since 1965, and is president of ChemChar Research, Inc., a firm developing nonincinerative thermochemical waste treatment processes. He received his A.B. in chemistry from Emporia State University in 1960 and his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from the University of Kansas in 1965. Since 1968, his primary research and professional activities have been in environmental chemistry, toxicological chemistry, and waste treatment. He teaches courses on environmental chemistry, hazardous wastes, toxicological chemistry, and analytical chemistry. He has lectured on these topics throughout the United States as an American Chemical Society local section tour speaker, in Puerto Rico, at Hokkaido University in Japan, at the National Autonomous University in Mexico City, and at the University of the Andes in Merida, Venezuela. He was the recipient of the Year 2000 Award of the environmental chemistry division of the Italian Chemical Society. 

Professor Manahan is the author or coauthor of approximately 100 journal articles in environmental chemistry and related areas. In addition to Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry, 2nd ed., he is the author of Environmental Chemistry, 7th ed. (Lewis Publishers, 2000), which has been published continuously in various editions since 1972. Other books that he has written include Industrial Ecology Environmental Chemistry and Hazardous Waste (Lewis Publishers, 1999), Environmental Science and Technology (Lewis Publishers, 1997), Toxicological Chemistry, 2nd ed. (Lewis Publishers, 1992), Hazardous Waste Chemistry, Toxicology, and Treatment (Lewis Publishers, 1992), Quantitative Chemical Analysis (Brooks/Cole, 1986), and General Applied Chemistry, 2nd ed. (Willard Grant Press, 1982). 

Define and distinguish the differences between environmental chemistry, environmental biochemistry, and toxicological chemistry. 

In order to understand toxicological chemistry, it is necessary to have some understanding of the environmental context in which toxicological chemical phenomena occur. This in turn requires an understanding of the broader picture of environmental science and environmental chemistry, which are addressed in this chapter. Also needed is an understanding of how environmental chemicals interact with organisms and their ecosystems, as addressed by the topic of ecotoxicology, covered in Chapter 5. 

Construct a flow diagram that relates environmental science, environmental chemistry, aquatic chemistry, atmospheric chemistry, green chemistry, and toxicological chemistry in a hierarchical form that shows their relationships to each other. 

What is green chemistry How does it relate to industrial ecology and toxicological chemistry ... 

Metabolism is especially important in toxicological chemistry for two reasons (1) interference with metabolism is a major mode of toxic action, and (2) toxic substances are transformed by metabolic processes to other materials that are usually, though not invariably, less toxic and more readily eliminated from the organism. This chapter introduces the topic of metabolism in general. Specific aspects of the metabolism of toxic substances are discussed in Chapter 7. 

Metabolism is of utmost importance in toxicity. Details of the metabolism of toxic substances and their precursors are addressed in Chapter 7, Toxicological Chemistry. At this point it should be noted that there are several major aspects of the relationship between toxic substances and... 

Since toxicological chemistry emphasizes the chemical nature of toxic substances, classification is predominantly on the basis of chemical class. Therefore, there are separate chapters on elemental toxic substances, hydrocarbons, organonitrogen compounds, and other chemical classifications of substances. 

An increasingly useful branch of toxicological chemistry is the one dealing with quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs). By relating the chemical structure and physical characteristics of various compounds to their toxic effects, it is possible to predict the toxicological effects of other compounds and classes of compounds. 

---