Military Laboratories

Ethylenediamine in dimethylsulfoxide solution [11] was a popular color reagent for nitroaromatic explosives in some military laboratories in the United States. 

This book aims to serve different readers from the fields of environmental and analytical chemistry as well as researchers in civil and military laboratories. The National Authorities of the States Parties to the CWC may find the book useful as... 

An explosion (appropriately enough, in a military laboratory) has actually been reported to have occurred during an electrolysis experiment in which a perchlorate was used as the supporting electrolyte (Titus, 1971). Whatever the chemistry involved, this accident merits attention from large-scale practitioners of organic electrolysis. 

For five centuries after the first successful ZTT jump, governments, universities, companies, and military laboratories throughout the Confederation had been researching methods of direct supralight communication. And for all the billions of fuseodollars poured into the various projects, no one had ever produced a valid theory let alone a practical system to surmount the problem. Starships remained the only method of carrying data between star systems. 

Picric acid was made for the French government. It was also used to produce Explosive D (ammonium picrate) and chlorpicrin, a chemical warfare agent. Picric acid crystallizes into yellowish grains that are extremely shock sensitive. A small bottle was found at a military laboratory in DC. Chemists decided that it was too sensitive to move and brought in a robot to drill a hole through the bottle so that it could be neutralized. Another bottle was found at the University of the District of Columbia and was taken out to an athletic field for detonation. 

Bush was in the process of reorganizing government science when he received the NAS report. The NDRC, empowered equally with the military laboratories and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, had served for research but lacked the authority to pursue engineering development. Bush proposed a new umbrella agency with wide authority over all government science in the service of war, the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Its director—Bush—would report personally to Roosevelt. Bush prepared to move up to the OSRD by calling in Conant to take over the NDRC. And only after it was clear that I should shortly... 

This essay will survey the pre-war military laboratories, and their trajectory from rivalry to cooperation. I will focus upon one of the oldest government laboratories -the Laboratoire de Chimie du Service Technique de TArtillerie - during the last two years of the war— that is, from the second half of 1916 to the Armistice, during which time the munitions effort of France was coordinated by the newly-founded Ministbre de TArmement under Albert Thomas. ... 

The war required every French chemist to be at his most efficient, whether in civilian or military work. During the mobilization of 1914-1915, an initial division of labour took place, by which academic chemists were entrusted with research, while military laboratories were put in charge of assessment. During the reorganization of 1917, the dynamics of research finally became part of daily military work, since tests required the most expert skills available. Given the scarcity of chemical expertise, routine assessments were increasingly delegated to less expert institutions. 

Finding 3.2 The military laboratory community is not as strongly partnered with key external research institutions and programs as it could and should be. As the US has a robust S T sector, the CBDP can and does engage with individuals and organizations external to DoD and the US government, but this typically occurs at the individual project or PI level, and not necessarily on a sustained basis. The CBDP has not systematically promoted institutional ties... 

Recommendation 3.3 DASD(CBD) should survey the military laboratories and associated facilities to identify strong relationships between S T performers and the warfighters, and support replication of such interactions across the program. 

One of the easiest and best methods of evaluting the low pressure end of the detonation product isentrope of an explosive is to study its effect under water. Although military laboratories throughout the world have been studying the effects of explosives under water for many decades, the problem of what type of an explosive is best for particular underwater applications is still being debated. 

Other versions of the BKW code were written in the 1960 s and 1970 s. Cheret of the French Commission of Atomic Energy wrote a code called Arpege in the 1960 s. The Lawrence Livermore code RUBY was replaced by a code called TIGERS written by scientists at the Stanford Research Institute. It has been used extensively by various U.S.A. military laboratory scientists. Except for coding details, the various computer codes were essentially equivalent. The parameters of the BKW equation of state have been recalibrated by various groups of scientists for use with their particular types of explosives. Many of the parameter sets reproduce the performance of particular explosives, but do not reproduce the shock Hugoniots of the detonation products. 

---