National bodies

Standards of measure that have been authenticated by an accredited national body. 

The British Standards Institute (BSI) is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards and presents the British view on many issues, including boiler water treatment practice. It is held in much the same level of esteem in Europe and the Commonwealth as ASME is in the United States. 

In addition, there are national bodies that produce specific Standards for their own country. Where there is a comparable ISO Standard, the National Standard is just a change of numbering, e.g. in the UK the ISO 9001 2000 standard becomes BS EN ISO 9001 2000. 

Unlike the FDA, the EMEA itself does not directly undertake appraisals of drug dossiers submitted to support marketing authorization applications under the centralized procedure. Instead (as discussed in detail below), they forward the dossier to selected national EU regulatory bodies, who undertake the appraisal, and the EMEA makes a recommendation to approve (or not) the application based upon the national body s report. The overall role of the EMEA is thus to coordinate and manage the new system. The EMEA s annual budget is of the order of 120 million. The key objectives of the EMEA may be summarized as ... 

Cone MV, Ferguson M, Powers CD, et al. 1986. National body-burden database chemicals identified... 

Cone MV, Ferguson M, Powers CD, et al. 1986. National body-burden database chemicals identified in human biological media 1984. Washington, DC US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances, Exposure Evaluation Division. EPA 560/5-84-003-Vol. 7-Pt.-2. 

There are many excellent texts on nutrition. This chapter, therefore, focuses not on nutrition per se but on how biochemistry helps us understand well established and less well established aspects of nutrition and how such knowledge fits in with other subjects discussed in this text. There is now considerable medical and lay interest in what is meant by healthy and unhealthy diets. Nutrition has become a major issue in the medical sciences and in clinical practice. It is also of concern to politicians, particularly in the link between nutrition and Western diseases such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer and neurological problems. In this chapter an attempt is made to provide a biochemical basis for discussion of nutrition and development of these conditions. To this end, biochemical explanations for nutritional advice and the recommendations from national bodies are provided. Similarly, explanations for the recommendations designed for different populations, different conditions and activities (physical and mental activity, the elderly, the young, during pregnancy and space flight) are discussed. Finally, the biochemistry of malnutrition, undemutrition and ovemutrition is discussed. 

Regulatory standards, or health-based guidance values, in this chapter denoted guidance values, for exposure to chemicals in various media such as air, drinking water, sod, and food are set by various international, federal, and national bodies. This chapter will give an overview of the development of guidance values in general terms and present some examples. 

A multi-disciplinary approach is needed to develop, implement and evaluate interventions aimed at promoting rational drug use. A national body... 

Monitoring medicine use and using the collected information to develop, implement and evaluate strategies to change inappropriate medicine use behaviour are fundamental to any national programme to promote rational use of medicines. A mandated multi-disciplinary national body to coordinate all activities and sufficient government funding are critical to success... 

Ill.b.l.1. Mandated multi-disciplinary national body to coordinate medicine use policies. Many... 

There are at present approaching 400 ISO standards published in the rubber field. These are listed in the ISO Catalogue which can be accessed on the web site. Additions during the year are publicised in national body newsletters such the British Standards publication Update Standards. ISO standards are usually obtained from your national standards body and there is likely to be a large discount if you become a subscribing member. 

European countries have to take note of The European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) which was founded in 1961 and comprises the national standards bodies of EC and EFTA plus some eastern European countries. CENELEC is the equivalent body in the electrical field. To many people, the concept of European standards, or any other national grouping, is an unnecessary complication, it being argued that there is no need for any activity in between ISO and the national bodies. However, the work of CEN assumes great commercial importance because EC countries are bound to adopt them to replace national standards and they can be used to demonstrate compliance with EC Directives. The CEN web site can be found at www.cenorm.be. 

Unlike public review, which are almost exclusively for final drafts, private reviews cover several drafts of a single standard, drawing inputs to help its refinement through most of the process. There is a reluctance in everyone, not just developers, to hold up their early attempts, their unfinished work, to public scrutiny. That makes private reviews of early draft more valuable than public reviews. At each major revision of the standard, in many SDO s, the draft is distribution to the members for review and comment. For example, within ISO, each Committee Draft, CD, is sent to each national body for review, for comment, and for ballot. Liaisons and other interested reviewers, experts in some aspect of the standard, are also asked to participate in the review. The end result is that more aspects of the standard are considered throughout the development process. In addition, those external reviewers have a say and therefore a stake in the resultant standard. 

Present-day analytical laboratories are increasingly under pressure to supply objective evidence of their technical competence, of the reliability of their results and performance, and to seek formal certification or accreditation. This pressure may come from the laboratory s customers (e.g., industry and national bodies) but may also be due to scientific considerations. A QM system in place, validation of methods, uncertainty evaluation, the use of primary standards and CRMs, participation in ILCs, and PT, all serve to assure and demonstrate the quality of measurements. Compared to, say, 30 years ago, the stability of the equipment now available is much improved, and a greater range of RMs for method validation and calibration is accessible. Nevertheless, to achieve mutual (international) acceptance of various bodies of evidence for QA activities, a number of protocols have been developed. The most widely recognized protocols used in chemical measurements and testing are the ISO Guide 9000 2000, ISO/IEC 17025 2005, and OECD Guidelines for GLP, as well as its national and sector equivalents. 

An important document from the Canadian Human Rights Commission about the recognition of MCS by the Canadian federal government and national bodies www.chrc-ccdp.ca/ pdf/envsensi tivity en.pdf or www.chrc-ccdp.ca/ research program recherche/ ese nsitivities hypersensibilitee/toc tdm-en.asp... 

Despite the progressiveness, REACH is still a permissive regime it originates from the fundamental belief that risks can be adequately controlled (Clean Production Action, 2003 Dalhammar and Nilsson, 2005). The ECHA as well as national bodies mnst therefore work in a more preventive manner otherwise the substitution incentives might be lax. 

The Advisory Forum will be comprised of one member from the national body with the same remit as the Authority. It will advise the Executive Directive on the Authority s work programme and work prioritisation. The Forum will allow input from the Member States and will accordingly contribute to the avoidance of duplication between the work of the Authority and that of the Member States. It will also promote networking between organisations in Member States. 

Competent authority means any national body(ies) or authority(ies) designated or otherwise recognized as such in connection with the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) ... 

Geographically variable plasmodial drug resistance has become a major factor in malaria. The World Health Organization gives advice in its annually revised booklet. Vaccination Certificate Requirements and Health Advice for International Travel and national bodies publish advice (e.g. British National Formulary) that applies particularly to their own residents. These or other appropriate sources ought to be consulted before specific advice is given. 

Increasingly, the selection of drugs is influenced by guidelines produced by specialist societies and national bodies. We have provided or made reference to these as representing a consensus of best practice... 

Among the many new developments in the communication of adverse events, the increasing role of the Internet should be mentioned. Many national bodies (for example the FDA, Rockville, Maryland, USA, www.fda.gov, or the CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, www.vaers.org) and intergovernmental health authorities... 

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