Drinking water analysis

Schlemmer et al. [125] have carried out a direct comparison between HR-CS AAS and LS AAS for the determination of a number of trace elements in drinking water, a determination that was not expected to present any difficulties, but which is carried out on a large scale in many routine laboratories. 

The most pronounced improvement of at least a factor of five for both LOD and precision was obtained for the determination of chromium, demonstrating one more time the superiority of HR-CS AAS, particularly for difficult elements, even in simple matrices such as water. 

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The ability to provide accurate and reliable data is central to the role of analytical chemists, not only in areas like the development and manufacture of drugs, food control or drinking water analysis, but also in the field of environmental chemistry, where there is an increasing need for certified laboratories (ISO 9000 standards). The quality of analytical data is a key factor in successfully identifying and monitoring contamination of environmental compartments. In this context, a large collection of methods applied to the routine analysis of prime environmental pollutants has been developed and validated, and adapted in nationally or internationally harmonised protocols (DIN, EPA). Information on method performance generally provides data on specificity, accuracy, precision (repeatability and reproducibility), limit of detection, sensitivity, applicability and practicability, as appropriate. 

Reding, R. Kollman, W.B. Weisner, M.J. Brass, H.J., "Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water Analysis by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and a Comparison to Purge and Trap", Measurement of Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater, ASTM STP 686, C.E. Van Hall, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1979, pp. 36-41. 

The EMSL-Cincinnati conducts other PE studies under the USEPA Mandatory Quality Control Program for drinking water analysis certification and general water analysis. 

Drinking Water Analysis Handbook Hach Chemical Company Ames, IA, 1977. 

Groundwater monitoring may be conducted by SW-846 methods or by the methods for drinking water analysis. 

Another species of interest in drinking water analysis is Cr (VI), considerably more toxic than Cr (III) and classified as carcinogenic to humans. Chromium speciation in water has been carried out by HPLC-ICP-MS, using both IEC and RPIPC (see Table 8.3). 

The main focus of applications in environmental analytical chemistry is the qualitative and quantitative analysis of anions and cations in all kinds of water [3-8], For example, the anions chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, orthophosphate, and sulfate, from the concentration of which the water quality depends, may be separated and determined in less than ten minutes. In a simple drinking water analysis of the main components (chloride, nitrate, and sulfate), it is possible, as illustrated in Fig. 8-1, to carry out a determination every three minutes. The high sensitivity of this method (detection limit with a direct injection of 50 pL sample ca. 10 ppb) and the possibility for automation contributed much to the rapid spreading of ion chromatography as an analytical tool. 

A comparison of data of drinking water analysis based on the con-... 

TABLE 4. Comparison of conventional and LPR-ICP analytical data for drinking water analysis. 

These group parameters have been extensively used in water analysis. AOX was developed in Germany especially for drinking water analysis and was... 

Fig. 2. Total ion chromatogram of drinking water. Analysis by EPA Method 525 using gc/ms. ISTDl = d Q-acenaphthene, ISTD2 = d Q-phenanthrene, and ISTD3 = d Q-chrysene are internal standards SURRl = is a surrogate spHdess peak and peaks 1 —42 are 1. hexachlorocyclopentadiene, 2.

CEN and ISO standard methods for drinking water analysis References... 

Methods for anion analysis For the determination of anions (except chromate and cyanide), ion chromatographic methods can be applied, because they were developed especially for drinking water analysis. The cited standards and drafts (see Table 1.3)... 

Alternative test methods Due to the relative high parametric values for chloride, iron, nitrate, nitrite, and sulfate, for example (see Tables 1.5 and 1.6), laboratories should consider the application of alternative methods for the measurements. Compared with reference and laboratory standard methods, the so-called ready-to-use methods , such as cuvette tests, allow fast and often inexpensive results, as well as needing reduced quantities of reagents and less waste. Provided they give reliable results, these alternative methods could be considered for use in drinking water analysis. ISO 17381 (ISO, 2003c) lists criteria and requirements for the producers and for the users of these tests. 

Water - Analysis. 2. Drinking water - Analysis. 3. Drinking water - Government policy -Europe. 4. Drinking water - Government policy - United States. I. Thompson, K. C. 

Three types of sample, grab, composite, and integrated, are primarily used in drinking water analysis. Grab samples are a single sample collected at a specific location at a specific time. They are often... 

APPLICATION OF ION CHROMATOGRAPHY IN THE DETERMINATION OF BROMATE, CHLORATE, AND CHLORITE IN DRINKING WATER ANALYSIS... 

Richter-Egger, D. L. Hagen, J. R Laquer, F. C. Grandgenett, N. F. Shuster, R. D. Improving Student Attitudes about Science by Integrating Research into the Introductory Chemistry Laboratory Interdisciplinary Drinking Water Analysis. J. Chem. Educ. 2010,87, 862-868. 

It means they can now detennine the vast majority of the environmentally significant elements/species by one technique. This capability is very attractive because it means they can typically analyze 5-10 times more samples per day, for a full suite of elements, compared to other approaches that use a combination of flame atomic absorption (FAA), GFAA, CVAA (cold vapor AA for Hg), and ICP-OES. This productivity improvement is exemplified in Table 19.2, which compares the productivity of a drinking water analysis for 12 primary contaminants using three different analytical scenarios. " ... 

Table 3.15 List of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons found in a drinking water analysis using the ISTD procedure (Types I internal standard, S surrogate standard, A analyte).

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