Deer, white-tailed

Figure 6.4. Percent average humidity compared with 6 0 in bone phosphate. The strong association between the two variables across the species of Australian marsupials (data from Ayliffe and Chivas 1990) and North American white-tailed deer (data from Luz ei a/. 1990) indicates that their body water oxygen isotopic composition is strongly determined by the 8"0 in their diet since plant 8 0 varies in negative correlation with humidity.

Bone collagendD white tail deer o mule deer... 

Sawyer T., Miller K.V. and Marchinton R.L. (1993). Patterns of urination and rub-urination in female White-tailed Deer. J Mammal 74, All-419. 

White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus-, Texas 1979-80 uranium mining district vs. reference site ... 

Impalas (Aepyceros melampus) found dead in Kruger National Park, South Africa, had elevated concentrations of copper in livers (maximum 444 mg/kg FW) and kidneys (maximum 141 mg/kg FW) authors assert that copper poisoning is the most likely cause of death (Gummow et al. 1991), but this needs verification. Copper concentrations in bones, kidneys, and livers of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) near a copper smelter and from distant sites are about the same. However, deer near the smelter have significantly elevated concentrations of cadmium in kidneys and livers, lead in bone, and zinc in kidneys (Storm et al. 1994). 

King, K.A., J. Leleuxs, and B.M. Mulhem. 1984. Molybdenum and copper levels in white-tailed deer near uranium mines in Texas. Jour. Wildl. Manage. 48 267-270. 

Proximity to the smokestacks of metal smelters is positively associated with increased levels of lead in the hair (manes) of horses and in tissues of small mammals, and is consistent with the results of soil and vegetation analyses (USEPA 1972). Lead concentrations were comparatively high in the hair of older or chronically impaired horses (USEPA 1972). However, tissues of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected near a zinc smelter did not contain elevated levels of lead (Sileo and Beyer 1985). Among small mammals near a metal smelter, blood ALAD activity was reduced in the white-footed mouse but normal in others, e.g., the short-tailed shrew (Beyer et al. 1985). The interaction effects of lead components in smelter emissions with other components, such as zinc, cadmium, and arsenic, are unresolved (USEPA 1972) and warrant additional research. 

White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus Near zinc smelter, Pennsylvania Feces Bone Teeth Kidney Liver... 

Sileo, L. and W.N. Beyer. 1985. Heavy metals in white-tailed deer living near a zinc smelter in Pennsylvania. Jour Wildl. Dis. 21 289-296. 

Khan, A.T. and D.M. Forester. 1995. Mercury in white-tailed deer forage in Russel Plantation, Macon county, Alabama. Veterin. Human Toxicol. 37 45-46. 

White-tailed deer, Odocoileus vlrglnianus kidney vs. 0.0-2.9 FW vs. 0.0-2.5 FW 1... 

Mathews, N.E. and W.F. Porter. 1989. Acute arsenic intoxication of a free-ranging white-tailed deer in New York. Jour. Wildl. Dis. 25 132-135. 

May, T.W. and G.L. McKinney. 1981. Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and selenium concentrations in freshwater fish, 1976-77 — National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 15 14-38. McDowell, L.R., D.J. Forrester, S.B. Linda, S.D. Wright, and N.S. Wilkinson. 1995. Selenium status of white-tailed deer in Florida. Jour. Wildl. Dis. 31 205-211. 

Plummer, G.L., T.M. Pullen, Jr., and E.E. Provost. 1969. Cesium-137 and a population of Georgia white-tailed deer. Pages 609-615 in DJ. Nelson and F.C. Evans (eds.). Proceedings of the Second National Symposium. Available as CONF-670503 from The Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Natl. Bur. Standards, Springfield, VA 22151. 

In a more comprehensive study, 46 constituents were identified in the interdigital secretion of the white-tailed deer, 0. virginianus [129]. Only relatively volatile compounds up to methyl salicylate were identified in the secretion, because samples for GC-MS analysis were enriched from the headspace gas of the secretion collected on cotton swabs. Some variations in the relative concentrations of the compounds between the secretions from dominant and subordinate animals were observed, but it was not possible to conclude definitely whether these differences were related to age or dominance. 

Table 5 Volatile compounds recovered from forehead hairs of male white-tailed deer, Odo-coileus virginianus [6]a... 

Behavioral observations of male white-tailed deer indicate that urine could play a role in olfactory communication in this animal [131]. To extend the knowledge of the urinary volatiles of the white-tailed deer and to investigate the possibility that vaginal mucus could also carry semiochemical information, Jemiolo et al. [132] studied the qualitative and concentration changes in the profiles of the volatiles present in these excretions. Forty-four volatiles were found in the mucus and 63 in female urine. The volatiles common to both vaginal mucus and urine included alcohols, aldehydes, furans, ketones, alkanes, and alkenes. Aromatic hydrocarbons were found only in the mucus, whereas pyrans, amines, esters and phenols were found only in the urine. Both estrous mucus and estrous urine could be identified by the presence of specific compounds that were not present in mid-cycle samples. Numerous compounds exhibited dependency on ovarian hormones. 

Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the constituents of the urine of male and female white-tailed deer indicated that the presence and concentration of the urinary compounds depend on the season, reproductive status and social rank of the animals [ 132,133]. Of the 63 and 55 compounds characterized in female and male urine, respectively, 27 were common to both sexes, 36... 

Table 6 Compounds identified in the urine of male white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, during the breeding season [ 122]a... 

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