Feedstocks, renewable

Use renewable rather than depleting raw materials and feedstock. Renewable feedstocks are often made from agricultural products, or they are wastes from other processes depleting feedstocks are made from fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, or coal) or are mined. 

Infrastructure Objective Hydrogen Source Demonstrate H2 fueling station analyze fuel options Primarily trucked in liquid Onsite generation from multiple feedstocks Renewable and fossil fuels Sufficient stations to provide consumer convenience Most cost effective sources by region Investment for substantial number of aR stations to be H2 capable... 

In the selection of a raw material, availability and chemical nature are deciding factors. Olefinic and aliphatic chemicals such as ethylene, propylene and methanol are therefore produced from crude oil fractions and suitable natural gas, whereas polynuclear aromatics such as naphthalene, anthracene and pyrene are recovered almost exclusively from coal-derived raw materials. Mononuclear aromatics such as benzene, toluene and xylene occupy a medial position, being obtainable from both crude oil and coal feedstocks. Renewable raw materials are, owing to their chemical structure, particularly suitable for the production of compounds containing oxygen. 

Use chemicals that are renewable as starting reagents (feedstocks). Renewable refers to resources that can be replaced by natural processes at a rate comparable to or faster than they can be consumed by humans. Feedstocks are the raw materials used by industry to make products.)... 

Gonzalez-Garcfa, S., Moreira, M. T., Feijoo, G. (2010a). Comparative enviromnental performance of lignocellulosic ethanol from different feedstocks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 2077—2085. 

Because oil and gas ate not renewable resources, at some point in time alternative feedstocks will become attractive however, this point appears to be fat in the future. Of the alternatives, only biomass is a renewable resource (see Fuels frombiomass). The only chemical produced from biomass in commercial quantities at the present time is ethanol by fermentation. The cost of ethanol from biomass is not yet competitive with synthetically produced ethanol from ethylene. Ethanol (qv) can be converted into a number of petrochemical derivatives and could become a significant source. 

Feedstock for Chemical Synthesis. It is estimated that <0.5% of the sucrose produced each year is used for nonfood purposes (41). An alternative appHcation, namely the production of chemicals, is an attractive option as the feedstock is plentiful, renewable, and of consistently high purity. Moreover, the biodegradabiUty of many sucrochemicals makes them environmentally friendly. 

Use renewable feedstocks. Raw materials should come from renewable sources when feasible. 

In bioprocesses, the feedstocks required to grow the catalysts and produce the chemical renewable are generally renewable resources, such as sugar from crops. Conversely, purely feedstocks chemical synthesis relies largely on non-renewable resources such as oil, coal and natural gas. It follows that as non-renewable resources dwindle, it is likely that biotechnology will become increasingly important to the chemical industry. 

The reliance of fossil fuels has been challenged by lower cost and renewable sources that are more environmentally friendly. The traditional chemical plant has met serious competition from green plants. Many monomers are now made via fermentation, using low-cost sugars as feedstock. Some of the commodity monomers are under siege by chemicals extracted from biomass. Monomer production has been expanded to include many more monomers from nature. 

The commercial available organic feedstocks from petrochemical and from natural/renewable sources are presented in Fig. 3. 

FAME may in the future become a possible organic feedstock to the sulfonated to fatty acid methyl ester sulfonate (FAMES). This feedstock is naturally renewable as it is produced from oils/fats or fatty acids. There are several possible process routes for the manufacture of FAME. 

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (1.8) is a bacterial polyester that behaves as an acceptable thermoplastic, yet can be produced from renewable agricultural feedstocks and is biodegradable. It is typically produced not in the pure state. 

A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable. 

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