Ester resins, acrylic

Iwamura (1984) designed a process for isolating saponins and flavonoids from leguminous plants, including seed, leaf, root, stem, stalk, flower or the entire plant. Alkaline extract, which was clarified by acid precipitation to get rid of proteins, followed by filtration or centrifugation, was applied to a nonpolar resin (styrene-vinyl benzene) or a slightly polar resin (such as acrylic ester resin). Water was used to elute soluble sugars, then the column was eluted with methanol to obtain a mixture of saponins and flavonoids. These two compounds were separated by acetone extraction to yield isoflavones in the soluble fraction. 

Comparisons of commonly used XAD resins have been published for the isolation of both fulvic acid (Aiken et al., 1979) and humic acid (Cheng, 1977) from water. These resins differ in pore size, surface area, polymer composition, and polarity (Table 5) (Kunin, 1977). As with anion-exchange resins, hydrophobic styrene-divinylbenzene resins (XAD-1, XAD-2, XAD-4) were found more difficult to elute than hydrophilic acrylic-ester resins (Table 6). This is due to hydrophobic interactions, and possible tt-tt interactions with the aromatic resin matrix of styrene-divinylbenzene resins. In addition, ki-... 

Acrylic-ester resins (XAD-7 and XAD-8) are more hydrophilic, wet more easily, and adsorb more water than styrene-divinylbenzene resins. Kinetics of sorption are much faster, and equilibrium is attained more rapidly. In addition, these resins have higher capacities and are more efficiently eluted than styrene-divinylbenzene resins when fulvic acid is the solute of interest. Because of serious bleed problems of XAD-7 with NaOH (Aiken et al., 1979), XAD-8 is preferred over XAD-7 for the isolation of fulvic acid. 

Methyl acrylate is a monomer used in the manufacture of plastic films, textiles, paper coatings, and other acrylate ester resins. It is also used in amphoteric surfactants. 

FIG U RE 11.14 Pyrogram of UV-cured acrylic ester resin at 400°C in the presence of TMAH along with its possible cross-linking stmctnre and formation pathway of products. Sample weight 0.1 mg reagent 4 pi of 25 wt% TMAH solution in water separation column metal capillary (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d.) coated with 0.25 pm of 5% diphenyl-95% dimethylpolysiloxane (Frontier Lab, Ultra ALLOY +5) column temp 30 (5 min)-230°C at 5°C/min. 

The medium is the binder which provides for the adhesion of pigments. The most important types are the temper media (glue, egg, and gum), the oils, and wax. In addition, for wall painting there is the tme fresco technique, where the pigments are laid down in a fresh, wet plaster preparation layer. Several other media have been used, but much less frequendy, eg, casein temper. In modem paints, a number of synthetic resins are used for this purpose. Contemporary artist paints are often based on acryhc polymers (see Acrylic ester polymers Paints). 

Many synthetic latices exist (7,8) (see Elastomers, synthetic). They contain butadiene and styrene copolymers (elastomeric), styrene—butadiene copolymers (resinous), butadiene and acrylonitrile copolymers, butadiene with styrene and acrylonitrile, chloroprene copolymers, methacrylate and acrylate ester copolymers, vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl and vinyUdene chloride copolymers, ethylene copolymers, fluorinated copolymers, acrylamide copolymers, styrene—acrolein copolymers, and pyrrole and pyrrole copolymers. Many of these latices also have carboxylated versions. 

Acrylic ESTER POLYMERS Acrylonitrile POLYMERS Cellulose esters). Engineering plastics (qv) such as acetal resins (qv), polyamides (qv), polycarbonate (qv), polyesters (qv), and poly(phenylene sulfide), and advanced materials such as Hquid crystal polymers, polysulfone, and polyetheretherketone are used in high performance appHcations they are processed at higher temperatures than their commodity counterparts (see Polymers containing sulfur). 

The thermoplastic or thermoset nature of the resin in the colorant—resin matrix is also important. For thermoplastics, the polymerisation reaction is completed, the materials are processed at or close to their melting points, and scrap may be reground and remolded, eg, polyethylene, propjiene, poly(vinyl chloride), acetal resins (qv), acryhcs, ABS, nylons, ceUulosics, and polystyrene (see Olefin polymers Vinyl polymers Acrylic ester polymers Polyamides Cellulose ESTERS Styrene polymers). In the case of thermoset resins, the chemical reaction is only partially complete when the colorants are added and is concluded when the resin is molded. The result is a nonmeltable cross-linked resin that caimot be reworked, eg, epoxy resins (qv), urea—formaldehyde, melamine—formaldehyde, phenoHcs, and thermoset polyesters (qv) (see Amino resins and plastics Phenolic resins). 

Standard-grade PSAs are usually made from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber, or blends thereof in solution. In addition to rubbers, polyacrylates, polymethylacrylates, polyfvinyl ethers), polychloroprene, and polyisobutenes are often components of the system ([198], pp. 25-39). These are often modified with phenolic resins, or resins based on rosin esters, coumarones, or hydrocarbons. Phenolic resins improve temperature resistance, solvent resistance, and cohesive strength of PSA ([196], pp. 276-278). Antioxidants and tackifiers are also essential components. Sometimes the tackifier will be a lower molecular weight component of the high polymer system. The phenolic resins may be standard resoles, alkyl phenolics, or terpene-phenolic systems ([198], pp. 25-39 and 80-81). Pressure-sensitive dispersions are normally comprised of special acrylic ester copolymers with resin modifiers. The high polymer base used determines adhesive and cohesive properties of the PSA. 

Acrylic acid is usually esterified to acrylic esters by adding an esterification reactor. The reaction occurs in the liquid phase over an ion exchange resin catalyst. 

Marine coatings Organic coatings for corrosion control Paint acrylic ester polymers, 7 388-389 adhesion, 7 90-92 advanced ceramic, 7 704-705 alkanolamines from olefin oxides and ammonia, 2 136 alkyd resins, 2.T67-168 amino acid resin applications, 2 635—637 anticorrosion, 25 134 anticorrosion metallic, 7 713-714... 

Osaka Organic Chemical will embark on volume production of a low-toxicity acrylic ester monomer with extremely low skin irritation, it is briefly reported. Principal applications are as a diluent monomer for UV and EB coating materials and inks, and as a modifier in unsaturated polyester resins, acrylic resins and PVC. OSAKA ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES CO.LTD. 

Chemical methods used for the determination of hydroxyl groups or alcoholic constituents in polymers are based on acetylation [16-18], phthalation [18], and reaction with phenyl isocyanate [18,19] or, when two adjacent hydroxy groups are present in the polymers, by reaction with potassium periodate [9,17]. Alcoholic hydroxyl groups may be found in the following polymers (1) poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) [20], (2) poly(methyl acrylate), [21], (3) poly(methyl methacrylate) [21], and (4) polyhydric alcohols in hydrolysates of poly(ester) resins [22]. 

COCs have been used as binder resins in toners to replace the conventional binders, such as styrene/acrylate resins and poly(ester) resins (53,55). 

Acrylic acid and derivs 1 A96-A97 acrylic acid-trinitrophenylester 1 A97 acrylic esters, monomeric 1 A97 acrylic resins and plastics 1 A97 acryloylazide 1 A97 3-nitroacrylic acid 1 A97... 

Siding. The resin most used for siding is poly(vinyl chloride) homopolymer, compounded with modifiers, stabilizers, and pigments. Modifiers are most often acrylic esters, followed by chlorinated polyethylene or ethylene—vinyl acetate, used at 6—8 phr (parts per hundred resin). The modifier increases the impact strength of the rigid PVC. 

Acrylic acid esterified with cross-linked hydroxymethyl polystyrene or Wang resin reacts smoothly with primary or secondary aliphatic amines at room temperature (Entries 1 and 2, Table 10.6). Only sterically demanding amines or amines of low nucleophilicity (anilines, a-amino acid esters) fail to add to polystyrene-bound acrylate. Support-bound acrylamides are less reactive than acrylic esters, and generally require heating to undergo addition with amines (Entries 4 and 5, Table 10.6). a, 3-Unsaturated esters with substituents in the 3-position (e.g. crotonates, Entry 3, Table 10.6) react significantly more slowly with nucleophiles than do acrylates. The examples in Table 10.6 also show that polystyrene-bound esters are rather stable towards aminolysis, and provide for robust attachment even in the presence of high concentrations of amines. Entry 10 in Table 10.6 is an example of the alkylation of a resin-bound amine with an electron-poor alkene to yield a fluorinated peptide mimetic. 

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