Styrene divinylbenzene resin

Other developments in chelating resins include fibers made from poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(vinyl alcohol) to which EDA was attached with epichl orohydrin (281) and a styrene—divinylbenzene resin with pendant EDTA or DETPA groups (282). 

TSK-GEL H type columns are for gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) in organic solvents. They are packed with porous poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) resins that have a high degree of cross-linking. 

It is well known that anionic samples tend to adsorb on poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) resins. However, cationic samples tend to be repelled from the resins. The mechanism seems to be an ionic interaction, although the poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) resin should be neutral. The reason is not well clarified. Therefore, it is recommended to add some salt in the elution solvent when adsorption or repulsion is observed in the analyses of polar samples. For example, polysulfone can be analyzed successfully using dimethylformamide containing 10 mM lithium bromide as an elution solvent, as shown in Fig. 4.42. 

Recently, new approaches of sorbent construction for reversed-phase chromatography have been developed. Silicas modified with hydrocarbon chains have been investigated the most and broadly utilized for these aims. Silica-based materials possess sufficient stability only in the pH 2-8 range. Polymeric HPLC sorbents remove these limitations. Tweeten et al. [108] demonstrated the application of stroongly crosslinked styrene-divinylbenzene resins for reversed-phase chromatography of peptides. 

Sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle 71,72,77,79 Spin label 139 Starch 100, 104 —, crosslinked 106 —, graft polymers 105, 107, 125, 127 Styrene 160—162 Styrene-divinylbenzene resins 167 Styrenesulfonic acid, copolymers 74—76 Surface area 147... 

Di Manro, A. et al.. Recovery of hesperidin from orange peel by concentration of extract son styrene-divinylbenzene resin, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 4391, 1999. 

Fig. 16.3 Heterogenization of RhCI(PPh3)2 by grafting to a cross-linked phosphinated styrene/divinylbenzene resin.

Styrene-divinylbenzene resins, 23 353 Styrene-DVB copolymers, 14 388 Styrene ionomers, 14 466, 481 properties of, 14 470-473 Styrene liquid, 23 347 Styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers, 23 391 copolymer, 10 207 Styrene manufacture, 24 259 Styrene manufacturing, 23 326, 334-345 development of high selectivity catalyst for, 23 339... 

Castane (31) suggests a method that is an alternative both to the enzymatic one and to gas chromatography. He uses a column, sulfonated styrene divinylbenzene resin in H+ form (Fast-Fruit Juice), 7 fim, 7.8 X 150 mm and a refractive index detector. The mobile phase, composed of H2S04 0.002 M, is maintained at 60°C. In this way he succeeds in separating and quantifying the ethanol in concentrations between 0 and 1% (v/v). The author also ascertains a reproducibility of 0.04% v/v and a repeatability of 0.07% v/v with a precision value of 0.55% v/v. 

Column design and preparation incorporated previously described methods reported in the literature (39). Two different adsorbents were employed a 100/120 mesh crosslinked styrene/ divinylbenzene resin (Polypak P-Waters Associates) and a Woelm aniontropic activity grade alumina. These adsorbents were packed in 300 and 94 cm. stainless steel columns having a 1 mm. internal diameter. Pressure drop across the adsorbent bed was kept to a minimum (<0.02 atm.) by using a heated pressure reduction valve at the end of the column. Typical linear flow velocities through the columns were in the range of 0.27-2.17 cm/sec. 

The application of pressure causes a considerable decrease in the retention or breakthrough volume for an adsorbate transversing down a sorbent column. This trend is amply illustrated in Figure 9 where the retention volume for benzene in C02 has been plottted as a function of pressure for the crosslinked styrene/ divinylbenzene resin at A0°C. In this figure, there is a considerable decrease initially in V over a small pressure interval and the breakthrough volume appears to become constant... 

Figure 10. Retention volume for benzene versus carbon dioxide pressure on the styrene/divinylbenzene resin.

Separation of mono- and di-ester pyrrolizidine alkaloids has been achieved by ion-pair adsorption t.l.c., using chloride (or iodide) as the counter-ion.48 Chloranil has been used to oxidize pyrrolizidine alkaloids on t.l.c. The pyrrole derivatives that were formed were then detected with Ehrlich s reagent49 or sulphuric acid.50 Mixtures of pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been separated by h.p.l.c. on a reversed-phase styrene-divinylbenzene resin.51 In a sensitive method for the detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, the protonated alkaloids were complexed with aqueous methyl orange. The dye was then released from the complex and estimated spectrophotometrically.52... 

Lopez, R, Batlle, R., Neiin, C., Cacho, J., and Ferreira, V. (2007). Use of new generation poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) resins for gas-phase trapping-thermal desorption - Application to the retention of seven volatile organic compounds. J. Chromatogr. A., 1139, 36 4. 

Most of the resins used in batch synthesis are derivatives of 1% crosslinked copoly-(styrene-divinylbenzene) resin in the form of beads 50 to 100 p in diameter. These beads swell four to six times their dry volume in the solvents used in peptide assembly and during the chain elongation process the resin again may double its swollen volume. In batch synthesis, provided the proper size vessel is chosen, the increase in swollen volume is not a major concern. 

Apart from their behaviour as ligands in metal catalyst systems, studies of the reactivity of phosphites towards a wide variety of other substrates have attracted attention. New aspects and applications of the classical Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction and its variants continue to appear. Evidence of the thermal disproportionation of methyltriaryloxyphosphonium halides formed in the reactions of triarylphosphites with alkyl halides, together with the formation of P-O-P intermediates, has been reported. The Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction has been used in the synthesis of phosphonate-based styrene-divinylbenzene resins and polyphosphonated chelation therapy ligands.Treatment of electron-rich benzylic alcohols dissolved in triethylphosphite with one equivalent of iodine affords a low-temperature one-pot route to the related benzylic phosphonates, compounds which are otherwise difficult to prepare. Upper-rim chloromethylated thiacalix[4]arenes have also been shown to undergo phosphonation on treatment with a phosphite ester in chloroform at room temperature. The nickel(II)-catalysed reaction of aryl halides with phosphite esters in high boiling solvents, e.g., diphenyl ether, (the Tavs reaction), has also... 

Many efforts have been undertaken to graft transition metal complexes onto various supports in order to retain the performance of the soluble catalyst precursors and to allow easy separation of the catalysts from the reaction products. Most studies have been concerned with polymers, particularly with functionalized styrene-divinylbenzene resins. This approach to immobilize homogeneous catalysts has been reviewed, with all the strategies to anchor metal complexes on organic or inorganic supports examined (57-59). 

A similar approach has been carried out by Kim et al. (62) who disclosed the use of sulfbnated styrene-divinylbenzene resins plus a tris(dialkyla-minophosphine) to obtain a phosphonium attached salt which can exchange triphenylphosphine ligands in [Ru(CO)3(PPh3)2] or [RUCI2-... 

An analytical separation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids on a styrene-divinylbenzene resin... 

Column PRP-1 (styrene-divinylbenzene resin)(150x4.1 mm ID), mobile phase acetonitrile - 0.1 M ammonia, 20 min. linear gradient from (1 9) to (3 7), flow rate 1 ml/min, detection UV 220 nm. Peaks 1, jacoline 2, jacozine 3, jacobine 4, jaconine 5, seneciphyl1ine 6, senecionine. 

Comparisons of commonly used XAD resins have been published for the isolation of both fulvic acid (Aiken et al., 1979) and humic acid (Cheng, 1977) from water. These resins differ in pore size, surface area, polymer composition, and polarity (Table 5) (Kunin, 1977). As with anion-exchange resins, hydrophobic styrene-divinylbenzene resins (XAD-1, XAD-2, XAD-4) were found more difficult to elute than hydrophilic acrylic-ester resins (Table 6). This is due to hydrophobic interactions, and possible tt-tt interactions with the aromatic resin matrix of styrene-divinylbenzene resins. In addition, ki-... 

Acrylic-ester resins (XAD-7 and XAD-8) are more hydrophilic, wet more easily, and adsorb more water than styrene-divinylbenzene resins. Kinetics of sorption are much faster, and equilibrium is attained more rapidly. In addition, these resins have higher capacities and are more efficiently eluted than styrene-divinylbenzene resins when fulvic acid is the solute of interest. Because of serious bleed problems of XAD-7 with NaOH (Aiken et al., 1979), XAD-8 is preferred over XAD-7 for the isolation of fulvic acid. 

Figure 7.12 Pore structure of styrene-divinylbenzene resin.

Figure 7.13 Separation of chlorophenols on styrene-divinylbenzene resin (reproduced by permission of Hamilton). Conditions column, 15cm x 4.2 mm i.d. stationary phase, PRP-1, lOpm mobile phase, 0.1 N Na3PO4 (pH 12)/acetonitrile (2 5), 2mlmin UV detector, 254nm. Peaks 1 = 4-chlorophenol 2 = 2,4-dichloro-phenol 3 — 2,4,5- and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol 4 — 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-phenol 5 = pentachlorophenol.

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