Aromatic resin

SARA (Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, Asphaltenes) analysis is widely practiced on heavy fractions such as vacuum and atmospheric residues and vacuum distillates for two purposes ... 

The epoxidation is generally conducted in two steps (/) the polyol is added to epichlorohydrin in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst (stannic chloride, boron triduoride) to produce the chlorohydrin intermediate, and (2) the intermediate is dehydrohalogenated with sodium hydroxide to yield the aliphatic glycidyl ether. A prominent side-reaction is the conversion of aliphatic hydroxyl groups (formed by the initial reaction) into chloromethyl groups by epichlorohydrin. The aliphatic glycidyl ether resins are used as flexibilizers for aromatic resins and as reactive diluents to reduce viscosities in resin systems. 

Another major area of use is in the field of adhesives. The main attractions of the material are the absence of a need for mastication, easy solvation of the polymer, which is supplied in a crumb form, the production of low-viscosity solutions and high joint strength. In conjunction with aromatic resins they are used for contact adhesives whilst with aliphatic resin additives they are used for permanently tacky pressure-sensitive adhesives. In addition to being applied from solution they may be applied as a hot melt. 

In the earlier art, there was some consideration that partial incompatibility of the tackifier resin with the rubber was responsible for the appearance of tack, but this no longer is seriously held in light of continuing studies by many investigators. Aubrey [38] has addressed this in his review of the mechanism of tackification and the viscoelastic nature of pressure sensitive adhesives. Chu [39] uses the extent of modulus depression with added tackifier as a measure of compatibility. Thus in a plot of modulus vs. tackifier concentration, the resin that produces the deepest minimum is the most compatible. On this basis, Chu rates the following resins in order of compatibility for natural rubber rosin ester > C-5 resin > a-pinene resin > p-pinene resin > aromatic resin. 

Butyl phenolic resin is a typical tackifier for solvent-borne polychloroprene adhesives. For these adhesives, rosin esters and coumarone-indene resins can also be used. For nitrile rubber adhesives, hydrogenated rosins and coumarone-indene resins can be used. For particular applications of both polychloroprene and nitrile rubber adhesives, chlorinated rubber can be added. Styrene-butadiene rubber adhesives use rosins, coumarone-indene, pinene-based resins and other aromatic resins. 

Aniline and mixed aniline point (DIN 51 775 modified). It is similar to the cloud point test except that the solvent is aniline, a very polar liquid. The aniline point is defined as the temperature at which a mixture of equal parts of aniline and the resin show the beginning of phase separation (i.e. the onset of clouding). Phase separation for aromatic resins occurs between I5°C and below zero for resins with intermediate aromaticity, it lies between 30 and 50°C and for non-aromatic resins, it is 50 to 100°C. Sometimes the mixed aniline point is used. It is similar to the aniline point except that the solvent is a mixture of one part of aniline and one part of w-heptane. The problem of both procedures is that precipitation of resins can be produced before the cloud is generated. 

Aromatic resins. Fully aromatic resins are used in block copolymer and ethylene copolymer systems. In the former they are soluble in the styrenic end blocks upon cooling where they serve to increase the strength, stiffness, and creep... 

Polyisoprene can be UV or e-beam cured [43,44]. The 3,4 units are particularly prone to crosslinking at low dose [45]. SIS and SBS are also crosslinkable, even conventional linear materials with low vinyl content however, small amounts of liquid trithiol or triacrylate compounds speed cure dramatically [44]. Like UV, e-beam cure is strongly affected by tackifier choice. Hydrogenated, non-aromatic resins provide much less interference with cure [36,37]. 

Petroleum crude oil, gas condensate, and natural gas are generally complex mixtures of various hydrocarbons and nonhydrocarbons with diverse molecular weights. In order to analyze the contents of a petroleum fluid it is a general practice to separate it first into five basic fractions namely, volatiles, saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes [74, 77]. Volatiles consist of the low-boiling... 

Aromatics Resins — Asphaltenes — coke where the resin + asphaltene content remains constant and asphaltenes are the main precursors of coke. The same observations have been made in low-temperature oxidation experiments (6). 

One major question of interest is how much asphaltene will flocculate out under certain conditions. Since the system under study consist generally of a mixture of oil, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes it may be possible to consider each of the constituents of this system as a continuous or discrete mixture (depending on the number of its components) interacting with each other as pseudo-pure-components. The theory of continuous mixtures (24), and the statistical mechanical theory of monomer/polymer solutions, and the theory of colloidal aggregations and solutions are utilized in our laboratories to analyze and predict the phase behavior and other properties of this system. 

F. Modugno, E. Ribechini, M.P. Colombini, Aromatic resin characterisation by gas chromato graphy mass spectrometry Raw and archaeological materials, Journal of Chromatography A, 85, 164 1 73 (2006). 

The highly aromatic resins are often used as coumarone/indene resin substitutes. A range of soft aromatic resins is available, produced from the alkylation of xylene and other aromatic hydrocarbons with dicyclopentadiene. These are excellent softeners for a wide range of rubbers. In common with other aromatic materials derived from petroleum sources, some of the resins used within the rubber industry are deemed to be carcinogenic. 

The solubilities of the flame retardants in toluene are shown in Table I. It is believed that the high solubility of the phosphate in an aromatic solvent accounts in part for the ease of compounding into various aromatic resins. This is discussed further in the section on compounding. 

The three flame retardants are compared in Table VI. Brominated phosphate disperses readily in the resin presumably due to its high solubility in aromatics. Resin containing brominated polycarbonate is relatively difficult to process as measured by injection molding spiral flow measurements. 

Aromatic resins, 10 202 Aromatic ring fluorination, 11 866 Aromatic rings, conversion to nonaromatic cyclic structures, 15 5 Aromatics, 18 678... 

Thus, in the simplest sense, petroleum and petroleum products can be considered to be composites of four major fractions (saturates, aromatics, resins, and... 

---