POLY ESTERS

The production of polyester fibers leads that of all other types Annual United States production of poly ester fibers is 1 6 million tons versus 1 4 million tons for cotton and 1 0 million tons for nylon Wool and silk trail far behind at 0 04 and 0 01 million tons re spectively... 

Condensation polymer (Section 20 17) Polymer m which the bonds that connect the monomers are formed by condensa tion reactions Typical condensation polymers include poly esters and polyamides... 

Polymers based on trimellitic anhydride are widely used in premium electromagnetic wire enamels requiring high temperature performance. Several types of trimellitic anhydride-derived polymers are used as wire enamels poly(amide—imide)s (133), poly(ester—imide)s (134), and poly(amide—imide— ester)s (135). Excellent performance characteristics are imparted by trimellitic anhydride-based polymers for wire enamel requirements of flexibiUty, snap, burnout, scrap resistance, heat shock, and dielectric strength. 

Noncrystalline aromatic polycarbonates (qv) and polyesters (polyarylates) and alloys of polycarbonate with other thermoplastics are considered elsewhere, as are aHphatic polyesters derived from natural or biological sources such as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), poly(glycoHde), or poly(lactide) these, too, are separately covered (see Polymers, environmentally degradable Sutures). Thermoplastic elastomers derived from poly(ester—ether) block copolymers such as PBT/PTMEG-T [82662-36-0] and known by commercial names such as Hytrel and Riteflex are included here in the section on poly(butylene terephthalate). Specific polymers are dealt with largely in order of volume, which puts PET first by virtue of its enormous market volume in bottie resin. 

A large variety of newer poly(ether imide)s has been described. Included among these are perfluorinated polymers (96), poly(ester ether imide)s (97), poly(ether imide)s derived from A/,Ar-diamino-l,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxyHcbisimide (98), and poly(arylene ether imide ketone)s (99). In addition, many other heterocyHc groups have been introduced into polyether systems, eg, poly(pyrazole ether)s (100) and poly(aryl ether phenylquinoxaLine)s (101) poly(aryl ether oxazole)s with trifluoromethyl groups (102) and polyethers with other heterolinkages, eg, poly(arylether azine)s (103). 

The absorption rate has been examined in vivo for a series of poly(ester—amides) having the following formula ... 

The metabohc rate of poly(ester—amide) where x = Q has been studied in rats using carbon-14 labeled polymer. This study indicates that polymer degradation occurs as a result of hydrolysis of the ester linkages whereas the amide linkages remain relatively stable in vivo. Most of the radioactivity is excreted by urine in the form of unchanged amidediol monomer, the polymer hydrolysis product (51). 

Hazer [20,25] reported on the reaction of a po]y(eth-ylene g]ycol)-based azoester with methacryloyl chloride in the presence of (CH3CH2)3N. In this reaction double bonds were attached to the chain ends of the poly(ester) thus obtaining a macroinimer. Being used for the thermal polymerization of styrene, the material formed an insoluble gel [20]. Probably, both the C=C double bonds and the azo bonds reacted in the course of the thermal treatment. The macroninimer in a later work [25] was used for thermally polymerizing poly(butadiene) thus leading to poly(ethylene glycol-/ -butadiene) block copolymers. 

The selected nitropolymers in this article are presented alphabetically with respect to their polymeric designation, viz, (poly) acrylate, (poly) amide, (poly) ester, etc. Each of these polymeric types is defined in each entry by graphic formula. The sole amide and polyester discussed... 

New Poly ester-Poly ether Binder for Extrusion-Cast Explosives , UCRL-50541, UAEC, Univ of Calif (1968) Ibid, NuclSciAbst 23 (9), 17314 (1969) CA 71,71343 (1969)... 

The simple and clean polymerization of t-butyl methacrylate provides an opportunity to produce well defined, poly-electrolytes of uniform size, because this poly-ester, similarly to its Si(CH3)3 analogue i9), is readily hydrolysed by acids into polymethacry-lic acid. Furthermore, as pointed out by Muller 36), it becomes possible to produce... 

Polyamides, poly(esters), poly(alkenes), PVC, polyurethanes, and rubbers... 

Poly(esters) and rubbers Poly(alkenes) and rubbers Cellulosic polymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, poly(alkenes), PVC, rubbers, and poly(styrene) Cellulosic polymers, poly(esters), poly(alkenes), polyurethanes, PVC, rubbers, and poly(styrene)... 

A series of poly(ester-urethane) urea triblock copolymers have been synthesized and characterized by Wagner et al/ using PCL, polyethylene glycol, and 1,4 diisocyanatobutane with either lysine ethyl ester or putrescine, as the chain extender. These materials have shown the elongation at break from 325% to 560% and tensile strengths from 8 to 20 MPa. Degradation products of this kind of materials did not show any toxicity on cells. 

Guan JJ, Sacks MS, Beckman EJ, and Wagner WR. Synthesis, characterizadon, and cytocompadbility of elastomeric, biodegradable poly(ester-urethane) ureas based on poly(caprolactone) and pudescine. J Biomed Mater Res, 2002, 61, 493-503. 

Bmin P, Veensda GJ, Nijenhuis AJ, and Pennings AJ. Design and synthesis of biodegradable poly(ester-urethane) elastomer networks composed of non toxic building blocks. Makromol Chem Rapid Common, 1988, 9, 589. 

Polyamide (TLC) 672 Polydispersity (LC) 450 Poly(ester) phases (GC) 115 Poly(ether) phases (GC) 115 Poly(ethylene glycol) phases (GC) 115... 

Phase mixing can be attributed partly to the irregularity of the copolymer chain. In the case of poly(ester ether) copolymers synthesized by normal step polymerization reactions, the hard segment has a... 

TH Barrows. Bioabsorbable poly(ester-amides). In SW Shalaby, ed. Biomedical Polymers Designed-to-Degrade Systems. Cincinnati, OH Hanser/Gardner, 1994, pp 97-116. 

Analogous alkoxides, phenoxides, and carboxylates will also initiate the ROP of epoxides, all forming propagating alkoxide species.779 Block copolymers of epoxides with /3-butyrolactone have been prepared via the addition of EO or PO to living poly(ester) chains.782 The oxygen-bound enolate of living PMMA will also react with epoxides to yield diblocks such as PEO-b-PMMA and PPO-b-PMMA (Mn= 12,800, Mw/Mn = 1.16) 787... 

Copolymers of a-hydroxy acids and a-amino acids are one type of poly(ester-amide)s and are called polydepsipeptides (PDPs) [17]. Since some of natural occurring a-amino acids, typically Asp, Glu, lysine (Lys), cysteine (Cys), serine (Ser), and threonine (Thr), possess reactive (hydrophilic) side-chain groups, PDPs... 

J. Wang, D. Leech, M. Ozsoz, S. Martinez, and M.R. Smyth, One step fabrication of glucose sensors with enzyme entrapment within poly(ester-sulfonic acid), coatings. Anal. Chim. Acta 245, 139-143 (1991). 

P. Bianco, A. Taye, and J. Haladjian, Incorporation of cytochrome c and cytochrome c3 within poly(ester-sulfonic acid) films cast on pyrolytic graphite electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 377, 299-303 (1994). 

N.F. Hu and J.F. Rusling, Electrochemistry and catalysis with myoglobin in hydrated poly(ester sulfonic acid) ionomer films. Langmuir 13, 4119-4125 (1997). 

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