Saponins isolation

Lupeol, isolated from the stem bark of Crataeva magna (Lour.) DC. (Capparaceae), reduces the foot-pad thickness and complement activity in arthritic rats (75). Oleano-lie acid saponins isolated from the roots of Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. is anti-pruritic in rodent (76). 

Takagi K, Park EH, Kato H. Anti-inflammatory activities of hederagenin and crude saponin isolated from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1980 28 1183-1188. 

SCHEME 18. Trisaccharides related to the saponin isolated from C. anthelminticum. 

S. Mandaland and B. Mukhopadhyay, Concise synthesis of two trisaccharides related to the saponin isolated from Centratherum anthelminticum, Tetrahedron, 63 (2007) 11363-11370. 

V. K. Rajput and B. Mukhopadhyay, Concise synthesis of a pentasaccharide related to the anti-leishmanial triterpenoid saponin isolated from Maesa balansae, J. Org. Chem., 73 (2008) 6924—6927. 

Saponins isolated from the legume Acacia victoriae have been reported to trigger... 

NAGATA, T., TSUSHIDA, T., HAMAYA, E., ENOKI, N., MANABE, S., NISHINO, C., Camellidins Antifungal saponins isolated from Camellia japonica, Agric. Bio. Chem., 1985,49,1181-1186. 

Theory The assay of cholesterol is solely based on the fact that practically all 3 (3-hydroxysterols e.g., cholesterol, readily produces an insoluble molecular addition complex with pure digitonin (1 1)—a steroidal saponin isolated from either Digitalis purpurea or Digitalis lanata. The complex thus obtained is crystalline in nature, fairly stable and possesses very low solubilities. 

Astragaloside IV (76) and astragaloside I (77) are the two active cycloar-tane-type major triterpenoid saponins isolated from Astragalus mem-branaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or A. membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge., were evaluated to exhibit protective effects on the early stage... 

Kubota, T. and H. Hinoh. 1968. The constitution of saponins isolated from Bupleurum falcatum L. Tetrahedron Lett. 3 303-306. 

Zang et al [140] reported the liver protective effects of the saponins isolated from A. membranaceus and A. sieversianus against chemical injury induced by CCU, D-galactosamine and acetaminophen in mice. In all cases there were positive activities and the saponins inhibited the rise in SGPT levels, decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased the glutathione reduced (GSH) concentration in mouse liver. The same compounds were also evaluated in cultured rat hepatocytes, and the results indicated that the activity may be due to to the antioxidative activity of the saponins, since the content of liver protein in treated mice was more than the control. Moreover, in all treated mice, the level of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 was increased. The liver metabolism and immunoregulating action produced by saponins may be also involved in their hepato-protective effects. Similar results were obtained by Zhang et al [141] when they studied the activity in vitro and... 

Two saponins from soybean seeds having soyasapogenol as aglycone were shown to have a partial inhibitory effect on HIV-induced cytopathology in infected human MT-2 lymphocytes cultures [158], The major constituent of group of B saponins from soybean seeds completely inhibited HIV-induced cytophatic effects and virus-specific antigen expression 6 days after infection at concentration > 0.25 mg/ml. Saponins isolated from soybean seeds inhibited HIV-1 replication in MT-4 cells at 0.5 [tg/ml (Nakamura et al. 1992) [159]. These saponins had a narrow therapeutic index and did not inhibit HIV-1 RT. One of them was found to inhibit HIV-induced cell fusion in MOLT-4 cells. 

Among these, saponins isolated from the rhizome of Panax japonicus and the fruit of Kochia scoparia (that contain approximately 20% of saponins) have been demonstrated to possess gastroprotective properties. Some oleanolic acid oligoglycosides, extracted from P. japonicus and K. scoparia, showed protective effects on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric damage. Moreover, a methanol extract of P. japonicus rhizome was demonstrated to possess protective activity also on stress- or HCl-induced ulcers. The protective activities of all these active saponins are not due to inhibition of gastric acid secretion but probably due to activation of mucous membrane protective factors. 

Determination of the structure of the isolated pure saponins is usually approached by a combination of chemical and spectroscopic methods. However, the quantities of pure saponins isolated are often small (sometimes only a few milligrams) and there is always a need for highly sensitive, high-resolution and, if possible, non-degradative methods in order to aid the structural determination of a saponin. 

As an illustrative example, selected regions of TOCSY (a), HMQC (b), and ROESY (c) spectra of a sulfated trisaccharide which is the most frequently found in the saponins isolated fi om B. rigidum, are depicted in Fig. (3). Although the selected region is one of the more heavily crowded of the spectra, the neat separation of proton and carbon signals achieved with the use of such techniques permit assignment of all of them to each unit. Connections among the different residues can also be deduced from the ROESY Fig. (3c) and HMBC spectra (not shown). 

The genin of compound 5 has been recently described as forming part of clinoposaponin XIX, a saponin isolated from Clinopodium spp. [25]. 

Table 1 summarizes the saponins isolated from both aerial parts and roots. The FAB/MS (negative ion mode) and optical rotation of all the saponins above are shown in table 2. H and C-NMR data have been gathered in tables 3-9. 

Examples of other antiviral compounds of marine origin also included two new saponins isolated from the holothurian Thyone aurea which showed interesting activity against HSV-1 [110], and fatty acids from the soft coral Nephthea spp. with antiviral activity against VZV [111]. 

G. Gu and Y. Du, Synthesis of a pentasaccharide derivative corresponding to a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Spergularia ramosa, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 1 (2002) 2075-2079. 

Isoterrestrosin B from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris (136) exhibited cytotoxicity against SK-MEL cells while the steroidal saponins isolated... 

The hemolytic properties of steroidal saponins isolated from Agave species have been investigated and reviewed (218). A steroidal saponin isolated from A. attenuata was shown to possess powerful hemolytic properties (219) when compared with adjuvants commonly used in animal and human experimental models by an in vitro assay method (220). 

New steroidal saponins isolated during the period 1998-mid-2006 along with their natural distribution, available physical data and spectral data are listed in Table 1. Structures 1-173 are sapogenins of the various saponins presented in Table 1. 

Mahato SB, Sahu NP, Pal BC, Chakravarti RN (1977) Constitution of New Steroidal Saponins Isolated from Kallstroemia pubescens. Indian J Chem 15B 445... 

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