Vaccine intranasal

The nasal tissue is highly vascularized and provides efficient systemic absorption. Compared with oral or subcutaneous administration, nasal administration enhances bioavailability and improves safety and efficacy. Chitosan enhances the absorption of proteins and peptide drugs across nasal and intestinal epithelia. Gogev et al. demonstrated that the soluble formulation of glycol chitosan has potential usefulness as an intranasal adjuvant for recombinant viral vector vaccines in cattle [276]. 

Healthy individuals 5 to 49 years of age can receive the live attenuated influenza vaccine instead of the inactivated vaccine. There are limited data on transmission of the vaccine strain following intranasal vaccination however, secondary transmission does not appear to be a concern. 

Gutierro I, Hernandez RM, Igartua M et al (2002) Size dependent immune response after subcutaneous, oral and intranasal administration of BSA loaded nanospheres. Vaccine 21 67-77... 

Orr N, Robin G, Cohen D, Arnon R, Lowell GH Immunogenicity and efficacy of oral or intranasal Shigella flexneri 2a and Shigella sonnei proteosome-lipopolysaccharide vaccines in animal models. Infect Immun 1993 61 2390-2395. 

M. Singh, M. Briones, and D. T. O Hagan. A novel bioadhesive intranasal delivery system for inactivated influenza vaccines. J Control Release 70 267-276 (2001). 

The presence of multiple FnBPs could possibly explain how S. pyogenes is able to colonize different host tissue and confer various tissue tropisms. The identification of fhe Sfbl adhesin has contributed to the recent development of vaccines composed of Sfbl-derived peptides conjugated to either the diphtheria toxoid or used with the Lipid Core Peptide (TCP) delivery system. These vaccines have been shovm to confer protective immunity to BALC/c mice when challenged intranasally with lethal doses of S. pyogenes (Olive et ah, 2007 Schulze et ah, 2006). 

Olive, C., Schulze, K., Sun, H. K., Ebensen, T., Horvath, A., Toth, I., and Guzman, C. A. (2007). Enhanced protection against Streptococcus pyogenes infection by intranasal vaccination with a dual antigen component M protein/Sfbl lipid core peptide vaccine formulation. Vaccine 25, 1789-1797. 

Edible food sources have been tested to deliver vaccines orally for example, transgenic potato tuber-based vaccines have been developed. Other food sources, such as bananas, tomatoes, and corn, are being tested in laboratories (see Section 11.12). Mucosal vaccines, utilizing genetically modified enterotox-ins, are delivered intranasally. Research in this area has to ensure the safety aspect of using enterotoxins. 

Levi R, et al. Intranasal immunization of mice against influenza with synthetic peptides anchored to proteosomes. Vaccine 1995 13 1353. 

Influenza Virus Vaccine, Live, Intranasal (FluMist)... 

In a more recent study, Webster et al. (2006) report the expression and characterization of lettuce-derived measles vaccine. The MV-H protein expressed in lettuce was demonstrated to be immunogenic in mice following intraperitoneal injection in the absence of adjuvant in addition to intranasal inoculation in the presence of a mucosal adjuvant. The highest response was observed in mice primed first with MV-H DNA and then boosted with an oral formulation of freeze-dried MV-H lettuce in conjunction with a mucosal adjuvant. In addition to this, the type of immune response was found to depend largely on the manner in which MV-H is presented to the immune system. Secreted and soluble forms of MV-H were demonstrated to induce a Th2 type response, while membrane-bound MV-H protein was found to be associated with a Thl response. 

The provocation of mucosal immunity against a given antigen can be achieved by other means besides oral ingestion. For example, intranasal administration of vaccine proteins can improve local mucosal immunity and enable large populations to be immunized at a lower cost. Plant-derived vaccines provide hope for more immunogenic, more effective and... 

Vaccine antigens have been encapsulated inside polymeric particles and shown to stimulate production of antigen-specific serum antibody responses as well as mucosal IgA. Since bioadhesive microparticles can be produced this is proving to be an attractive avenue for the exploration of intranasal and other mucosal vaccines. 

Ben-Yedidia, T., Tarrab-Hazdai, R., Schechtman, D. and Arnon, R. (1999) Intranasal administration of synthetic recombinant peptide-based vaccine protects mice from infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Infection and Immunity 67, 4360-4366. 

Sun, J.B., Mielcarek, N., Lakew, M., Grzych, J.M., Capron, A., Holmgren, J. and Czerkinsky, C. (1999) Intranasal administration of a Schistosoma mansoni glutathione S-transferase-cholera toxoid conjugate vaccine evokes antiparasitic and antipathological immunity in mice. The journal of Immunology 163, 1045-1 052. 

Hall G, Houghton C, Rahbek J, Lamb J, Jarman E Suppression of allergen reactive Th2 mediated responses and pulmonary eosinophilia by intranasal administration of an immunodominant peptide is linked to IL-10 production. Vaccine 2003 21 549-561. 

Rumar, M., Behera, A. R., Matsuse, H., Lockey, R. F. and Mohapatra, S. S. (1999). Intranasal IFN-gamma gene transfer protects BALB/c mice against respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vaccine 18, 558-567. 

Olive, C., Clair, T Yarwood, P and Good, M.F. (2002) Protection of mice from group A streptococcal infection by intranasal immunisation with a peptide vaccine that contains a conserved M protein B cell epitope and lacks a T cell autoepitope. Vaccine 20(21-22), 2816-2825. 

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