Intranasal vaccination

Healthy individuals 5 to 49 years of age can receive the live attenuated influenza vaccine instead of the inactivated vaccine. There are limited data on transmission of the vaccine strain following intranasal vaccination however, secondary transmission does not appear to be a concern. 

Olive, C., Schulze, K., Sun, H. K., Ebensen, T., Horvath, A., Toth, I., and Guzman, C. A. (2007). Enhanced protection against Streptococcus pyogenes infection by intranasal vaccination with a dual antigen component M protein/Sfbl lipid core peptide vaccine formulation. Vaccine 25, 1789-1797. 

Partidos, C. D. (2000), Intranasal vaccines Forthcoming challenges, PSTT, 3, 273-281. 

Jaganathan, K. S., and Vyas, S. P. (2006), Strong systemic and mucosal immune responses to surface-modified PLGA microspheres containing recombinant hepatitis B antigen administered intranasally, Vaccine, 24,4201-4211. 

Intranasal vaccination route has received growing interest for non-invasive immunization. Intranasal immrmization has been quite effective for various vaccine-delivery systems. Both solution and microsphere formulations tend to show good immune responses after intranasal administration. Immunization of mice with tetanus toxoid, in solution and microsphere-encapsulated... 

Gizurarson S, Aggerback H, Gudmundsson M, Heron I. Intranasal vaccination pharmaceutical evaluation of the vaccine delivery system and immunokinetic characteristics of the immune response. Pharm Dev Technol 1998 3 385—394. 

Kuck D, Lau T, Leuchs B, Kern A, Muller M, Gissmann L, Kleinschmidt JA. Intranasal vaccination with recombinant adeno-associated virus type 5 against human papillomavirus type 16 LI. J Virol 2006 80 2621-2630. 

Bergquist, C., Johansson, E.L., Lagergard, T., Holmgren, J. and Rudin, A. (1997) Intranasal vaccination of humans with recombinant cholera toxin B subunit induces systemic and local antibody responses in the upper respiratory tract and the vagina. Infect Immun, 65, 2676-2684. 

Kende, M., Del Giudice, G., Rivera, N. and Hewetson, J. (2006) Enhancement of intranasal vaccination in mice with deglycosylated chain A ricin by LTR72, a novel mucosal adjuvant. Vaccine, 24, 2213-2221. 

Amidi, M., Romeijn, S. G., Coos Verhoef, f., Junginger, H. E., Bungener, L., Huckriede, A., Crommelin, D. J. A., and Jiskoot, W. (2007). N-Trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles loaded with influenza subunit antigen for intranasal vaccination Biological properties and immunogenicity in a mouse model. Vaccine, 25,144-153. 

Xu, J., Dai, W., Wang, Z., Chen, B., Li, Z., and Fan, X. (2011). Intranasal vaccination with chitosan-DNA nanoparticles expressing pneumococcal surface antigen a protects mice against nasopharyngeal colonization by streptococcus pneumonia, Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 18(1), 75-81. 

Nagamoto, T., Hattoii, Y., Takayama, K., and Maitani, Y. 2004. Novel chitosan particles and chitosan-coated emulsions inducing immune response via intranasal vaccine delivery. Pharm. Res. 21 671-674. 

Intranasal vaccination studies with whole inactivated influenza virus (WIV) adjuvanted with WWA-trimethylchitosan (TMC-WIV) have shown promising... 

Recently, in another study performed in humans, intranasal vaccine against norovirus infection (known as the stomach flu ) incorporated in a dry powder formulation based on virus-like particle (VLP) antigens including Monophosphoryl Lipid A (GlaxoSmithKline) and chitosan was reported to show immunogenicity in clinical Phase I studies [99]. 

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