Secondary transmission

Secondary transmission line (J) H.T. distribution transformer H.T. distribution network ( L.T. distribution transformer L.T. distribution network... 

We have considered protection of both 400 kV transformers, one for primary traiismission and the other for secondary transmission. We will now analyse the influence of surge renections and transferences of a surge occurring on the 400 kV primary transmission bus as shown in Figure 18.25 and its effects on segments A and B. 

We will notice subsequently that series and shunt compensation are complementary. What a shunt capacitor cannot do, a series capacitor does and vice versa. On a secondary transmission system, say up to 66 kV, a shunt compensation may always be necessary to improve the power factor, as the load would mainly be indtictive. A series compensation may become essential, to improve the stability of the system, to cope with load fluctuations, switching of non-linear loads and voltage fluctuations occurring on the other power system or the grid to which this system may be connected. 

Healthy individuals 5 to 49 years of age can receive the live attenuated influenza vaccine instead of the inactivated vaccine. There are limited data on transmission of the vaccine strain following intranasal vaccination however, secondary transmission does not appear to be a concern. 

Secondary transmission to household contacts is always a concern with administration of a live vaccine. There are a few cases of possible secondary transmission of varicella following vaccination. Of the cases that varicella typing was done, 62% were wild-type virus, indicating exposure to an unvaccinated person. There are less than 10 confirmed cases of secondary transmission of the Oka vaccine strain following vaccination. A mild rash occurring in less than 5% of persons has been reported following vaccination. The varicella virus may be shed from the rash. Rashes due to the Oka vaccine strain typically occur more than 20 days following vaccination.12... 

Secondary transmission Transferring a disease from the primary source to another person. 

Vaccinations Patients receiving etanercept may receive concurrent vaccinations, except for live vaccines. No data are available on the secondary transmission of infection by live vaccines in patients receiving etanercept. 

Etanercept therapy should not be initiated in patients with active infection. If an infection develops in a person taking etanercept, he or she should be closely monitored. If a serious infection or sepsis occurs, the drug should be discontinued. Etanercept should be used with caution in individuals who have conditions predisposing them to serious infection (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes, hematological abnormalities). Data on drug interactions are limited. Live virus vaccines are contraindicated because of the potential for secondary transmission of the infection by the vaccine. Myelo-suppressive antirheumatic agents have been associated with pancytopenia in some patients treated with etanercept. 

Mastro, Timothy D., et al. Imported Leprosy in the United States, 1978 through 1988 An Epidemic Without Secondary Transmission. Americcm Journal of Public Health 82 (August 1992) 1127-30. 

RVP, a bunyavirus infection, primarily affects the liver, with hemorrhagic complications occurring in a small proportion of patients. In recent Pgyptian RVP outbreaks, retinitis was a frequent comphcation (48). On the other hand, the bunya-virus-caused C-CHP features profound hemorrhagic complications due to DlC. Affected patients may bleed profusely, with secondary transmission occurring from contact with infected blood. 

Proper specimen handling is essential in preventing secondary transmission (54) ... 

The occurrence of laboratory-acquired infections in research workers is not the only problem in biosafety. The other major concern is the potential for release of infectious agents that may cause secondary infections in nonlaboratory workers and other contacts. Fortunately, the potential for such serious outbreaks of laboratory-acquired disease seems to be small. Data derived from studies at the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Animal Disease Center showed that, during the years from 1960 to 1975, no instances of secondary infection in other laboratory workers or in nonlaboratory contacts occurred as the result of the laboratory-acquired infections of 18 research workers who used animal pathogens that were also infective for humans (448). However, the potential for outbreaks of laboratory-associated disease does exist as there are reports in the literature of instances of secondary transmission of laboratory-acquired Marburg disease (283), Q fever (38), and smallpox (105,518). Fortunately, the low level of occurrence of such incidents suggests that... 

The importance of decontamination to reduce exposure and secondary transmission of a toxic hazard was discussed in Chap. 4. In any toxic release, the need for decontamination depends on the persistency of the released toxic agent. However, even if an agent is persistent, not all persons in or near a release zone will require decontamination. Persons held in the warm zone of the cordon where a persistent agent has been used may be classed as follows ... 

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