Antigens vaccines

Plasma Master Files and Vaccine Antigen Master Files... 

Jiang W, Gupta RK, Deshpande MC et al (2005) Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles for injectable delivery of vaccine antigens. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57 391 —410... 

Proteins such as antibodies, enzymes, hormones and vaccine antigens can be used to prevent, diagnose and treat a range of diseases. Such molecules are therefore of paramount importance in health and medicine. Historically, many of these proteins have been isolated from human or animal sources. However, the low quantities present in such source material coupled with safety risks and high purification costs have limited the availability of protein therapeutics and vaccines for many types of disease. 

Excellent progress has been made in a relatively short period of time in demonstrating the potential of plant virus vectors not only as expression tools but also as elegant and efficient means for the administration of vaccine antigens by different routes. The targets seem to be unlimited. 

Tab. 9.1 Vaccine antigens expressed in plant virus epitope display systems. 

Tab. 9.2 Vaccine antigens expressed in plant systems subunit antigen expression in transgenics... 

Toxoids are inactivated bacterial toxins. They retain the ability to stimulate the formation of antitoxin, which are antibodies directed against the bacterial toxin. Adjuvants are inert substances, such as aluminum salts (i.e., alum), which enhance vaccine antigenicity by prolonging antigen absorption. 

Other gene products or vaccine antigens may require an enrichment step. For example, many genes expressed on the cell surface, that is, receptors, adhesion molecules, and so on have been cloned by panning techniques where the cells... 

Expression of Potential Vaccine Antigens. In general, in the future, eukaryotic cell culture is likely to be the method of choice for the production of subunit vaccine antigens where the organism to be vaccinated against replicates in eukaryotic cells. E. coli are unable to posttranslationally modify some vaccine candidates for example, bacterial systems cannot add carbohydrate which is important in the antigenicity and structure of many protective antigens. 

To analyze newly developed vaccines, it is of interest to study the pharmacological and immunostimulatory effects of the dehvery system (adjuvant) and to compare them to the effects of the combination between the adjuvant and the antigen of interest. This is accomplished by comparing three groups of mice (n = at least 6) Mice immunized with the vaccine (antigen formulated with adjuvant VAC) (to study efficacy aud type of immune response) mice administered with the adjuvant only ADJ) (to elucidate the contribution of the adjuvant on immune response, mechanism of action, and possible side effects) and nonimmunized mice (N). 

Brucellosis vaccine Antigenic extract of Brucella abortus Active immunization against brucellosis... 

Chebolu, S. and Daniell, H. (2009). Chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens and biopharmaceuticals expression, folding, assembly, and functionality. Curr. 

Several plant viral vectors have been used to successfully produce vaccines and therapeutic proteins in plants. TMV-based expression vectors represent one of the more successful examples and have produced a wide array of therapeutic proteins such as a-trichosanthin, tumor-specific single-chain antibodies, and a number of vaccine antigens (Table 4.1) (Dalsgaard et al., 1997). More recent examples of plant viral expression vectors utilized for vaccine production are provided in detail in Koprowski and Yusibov (2001), Pogue et al. (2002), and Canizares et al. (2005). 

Belanger, H., Fleysh, N., Cox, S. et al. (2000). Human respiratory syncytial virus vaccine antigen prodnced in plants. FASEB J. 14 2323-2328. 

Adjuvants are factors that increase immunogenicity of vaccine antigens. The term adjuvant come from the Latin adjuvare, meaning to assist or to help. The classic adjuvant was described by Freund in 1937 and consisted of paraffin oil and tubercle bacilli administered as a water-in-oil emulsion... 

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