Vaccines inactivated influenza

Influenza vaccine (inactivated whole-virus and split)... 

The influenza vaccine is available in two forms, injectable and nasal inhalation. The injectable is an inactivated vaccine... 

The trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine can be administered to all age groups and risk populations. It is recommended that the vaccine be administered yearly to children older than 6 months of age at risk for complications from influenza, such as those with asthma, cardiac disease, sickle cell disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, diabetes, and other conditions that compromise respiratory function. Healthy children 6 to 23 months of age should be vaccinated because of the increased risk for influenza-related... 

Healthy individuals 5 to 49 years of age can receive the live attenuated influenza vaccine instead of the inactivated vaccine. There are limited data on transmission of the vaccine strain following intranasal vaccination however, secondary transmission does not appear to be a concern. 

Adults with HIV infection should be vaccinated with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide and hepatitis B vaccines as early in the course of the disease as possible. Inactivated influenza vaccine should be given yearly. Children should continue to receive vaccinations on the standard childhood immunization schedule. The individual may experience a transient elevation in HIV viral load following vaccination.17... 

Following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation the patient will need virtually all routine vaccines to be administered again however, the patient will not be able to mount an adequate response for 6 to 12 months post-transplant. Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, and inactivated poliovirus should be given at 12,14, and 24 months post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Inactivated influenza vaccine should be given yearly, starting 6 months after transplant. Measles, mumps and rubella can be given 2 years after transplant and varicella vaccine is contraindicated.16... 

Influenza vaccine. (Minimum age 6 months for trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine [HVJ 5 years for live, attenuated influenza vaccine [IAIZ])... 

Inactivated vaccines are generally acceptable (e.g, pneumococcal, meningococcal, and influenza [trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine]), and live vaccines generally are avoided in persons with immune deficiencies or immune suppressive conditions. Information on specific conditions is available at vwvw.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/acip-list.htm. 

Annual vaccination with the inactivated intramuscular influenza vaccine is recommended. 

M. Singh, M. Briones, and D. T. O Hagan. A novel bioadhesive intranasal delivery system for inactivated influenza vaccines. J Control Release 70 267-276 (2001). 

Examples of killed or inactivated vaccines are cholera vaccine containing dead strains of Vibrio cholerae, hepatitis A vaccine with inactivated hepatitis A virus, pertussis vaccine with killed strains of Bordetella pertussis, typhoid vaccine with killed Salmonella typhi, and influenza vaccine with various strains of inactivated influenza viruses (see Exhibit 4.2 for a discussion of influenza viruses and vaccines and Exhibit 4.3 on avian influenza H5N1). 

Influenza vaccines Mixture of inactivated strains of influenza virus Active immunization against influenza... 

The immunostimulating activity of chitosan has also been reported. A 70% DD chitosan showed immunostimulating effects by activating macrophages and natural killer cells in rats when infected with . coli and Sendai virus (Nishimura et al., 1984). Chang et al. (2004) also reported the immune-enhancing effects of chitosan as a novel adjuvant to an inactivated influenza vaccine, and the antibody content in serum remarkably increased the antiviral defenses of mice. 

Chang, H. Y., Chen, J. J., Fang, F., and Chen, Z. (2004). Enhancement of antibody response by chitosan, a novel adjuvant of inactivated influenza vaccine. Chin. J. Biol. 17, 21-24. 

The last patient fared well on a combination of gemfibrozil and cerivastatin until he received influenza vaccination. Rhabdomyolysis has been reported with various viruses, including influenza A and B and inactivation of the virus does not totally prevent this. 

Influenza Inactivated virus or viral components Intramuscular One dose (children si 2 years of age should receive split virus vaccine only children < 9 who are receiving influenza vaccine for the first time should receive two doses administered at least 1 month apart) Yearly with current vaccine 1. Adults 50 years of age 2. Person s with high risk condit ions (eg, asthm a) 3. Health care worke rs and others in contac t with high-risk groups 4. Reside nts of nursin g homes and other reside ntial chroni c care faciliti es... 

Cholera vaccines are produced by inactive bacteria and are administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intradermally. Cholera vaccines should not be administered intradermally in children less than 5 years of age. The vaccination is particularly indicated for people living in highly endemic areas, as well as laboratory and medical personnel exposed to Vibrio cholerae. Diphtheria tetanus pertussis (DTP) vaccine can be made either as toxoids or inactivated whole bacteria. Hemophillus influenzae vaccine is a bacterial polysaccharide conjugated to proteins and is given as one intramuscular dose. A booster dose is not recommended. This vaccine is given to all children in cases such as plenia and other at-risk condiUons. 

Several clinical studies have been conducted with oral influenza vaccines (Avtushenko et al. 1996 Lazzell et al. 1984). These include water in oil emulsion form of inactivated virus vaccine and an enteric-coated killed virus vaccine. Although these vaccines induced IgA responses, there were inadequate levels of virus-neutralizing IgG antibodies in the serum to fulfil regulatory requirements for vaccine immunogenicity. This warrants refinement and further development of these types of vaccines. 

Ann Clark M, Blair H, Liang L, Brey RN, Brayden D, Hirst BH (2001) Targeting polymerised liposome vaccine carriers to intestinal M cells. Vaccine 20(1-2) 208-217 Avtushenko SS, Sorokin EM, Zoschenkova NY, Naichin AN (1996) Clinical and immunological characteristics of the emulsion form of inactivated influenza vaccine delivered by oral immunization. J Biotechnol 44(1-3) 21-28 Aziz MA, Midha S, Waheed SM, Bhatnagar R (2007) Oral vaccines new needs, new possibilities. Bioessays 29(6) 591-604... 

Parenteral Route. Parenteral vaccination remains the immunization method of choice for most antigens because it provides more effective immune response than do any other routes of vaccination in most cases. Every years millions of people receive inactivated influenza vaccine by parenteral administration. Subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated influenza vaccine is known to induce simultaneous immune responses in the blood and upper respiratory tract of subjects. The immune response, i.e., the increase in the number of influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells in peripheral blood and tonsils, increased rapidly to reach a peak within 1 week after vaccination.Parenteral vaccination of a DNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 resulted in systemic cellular and humoral responses. The mucosal humoral responses generated by intramuscular and intradermal vaccination were comparable with those obtained by mucosal vaccination. The DNA vaccine was able to... 

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