Genetically modified

Vos M H, Jones M R, Hunter C N, Breton J, Lambry J C and Martin J L 1996 Femtosecond spectroscopy and vibrational coherence of membrane-bound RCs of Rhodobacfe/ sp/raero/des genetically modified at positions M210 and LI 81 The Reaction Center of Photosynthetic Bacteria—Structure and Dynamics ed M E Michel-Beyerle (Berlin Springer) pp 271-80... 

The majority of industrial research describes classical approaches to yield improvement (49). However, there has been some work using genetically modified organisms. In the case of these recombinant organisms, the carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster has been expressed in noncarotegenic species such as E. coli (50) and S. cerevisiae (51). 

Recently a biosensor as new airalytical tool for GMO (genetic modified organism) detection has been reported. 

SI 1992/3280 The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) Regulations... 

EEC Directive on the contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms... 

EEC Directive on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms... 

Contained use of genetically modified organisms Drug misuse at work - A guide for employers Dangerous substances on site notification and warning signs Solvents and you... 

L 29 A guide to the Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) Regulations 1992, as amended m 1996... 

Biological agent Any of a range of microorganisms which have an adverse effect on human health, including those genetically modified cell cultures and en-doparasites. 

ECPA is the pan-European voice of the crop protection industry. The membership includes both national associations and companies throughout Europe, including Centrol and Eastern Europe. In addition to traditional crop protection products such as herbicides, fungicides and insecticides, our members also provide biopesticides and genetically modified crops. 

The first data on genetically modified mice were reported very recently. Animals deficient in GPR4, OGR1, and TDAG8 are viable and fertile, and show no major defects. A short summary of available information is given in the following (see also Table 1). 

Recombinant protein is a protein produced by a genetically modified cell or an organism, which expresses a DNA that was subjected to recombination and inserted into its genome. 

Finally, the synthesis of biodegradable poly(hydroxyalkanoic acids) (PHA) by bacteria or genetically modified plants should be mentioned. The microbiology, biochemistry, and genetics of PHA biosynthesis have been reviewed by several authors52,105,405 407 and are beyond the scope of this chapter. 

There are a number of other regulations/directives that you will need to consult, as appropriate. These address topics such as Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), the conduct of clinical trials, variations to authorised drugs, and the use of genetically modified organisms. A list of the most relevant directives is shown in Table 1.5. 

Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC... 

Council Directive 98/81/EC of 26 October 1998 amending Directive 90/219/EEC on the contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms... 

The Competent Authorities are allowed a maximum of 60 days to review the data, or 90 days in the case of trials involving medicinal products for gene therapy, somatic cell therapy (including xenogeneic cell therapy), and all medicinal products containing genetically modified organisms. Such trials require written authorisation from the Competent Authority as distinct from other types of product where the authorities may just notify the sponsor of the acceptability (no-objection) of the application. If issues are raised, the sponsor may amend the application once, with a consequent extension to the allowed review period. 

Animals may not be moved for 14 days after administration of the experimental product, and records on the disposition of trial animals must be retained for 2 years. Bio-security issues will be of particular concern to the environmental impact assessment where trials involve live organisms or genetically modified organisms, either in vaccine challenge studies or as experimental products. 

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