Sulfonation alcohols

Cosurfactant requirements can be minimized usiag a surfactant having a short-branched hydrophobe or a branched-alkyl substituent on an aromatic group (232,234) and a long ethoxy group chain (234). Blends of surfactants optimized for seawater or reservoir brine salinity include linear alkyl xylene sulfonate—alcohol ether sulfate mixtures (235). 

ABS AE AE/P AES AG AOS APEO APG AS BiAS BM c6(EO)3 CNPEC CTAS D DATS DCPEG DEEDMAC branched alkylbenzene sulfonate alcohol ethoxylate alcohol ethoxylate/propoxylate alkylether sulfate alkyl glucamide a-olefin sulfonate alkylphenol ethoxylate alkyl polyglucoside alkyl sulfate bismuth active substances alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium triethylene glycol monohexyl ether carboxylated nonylphenoxy carboxylates cobalt thiocyanate active substances R2S10(o.5)2 dialkyl tetralinsulfonate dicarboxylated PEG ditallow ester of di(hydroxyethyl)dimethyl ammonium chloride... 

A wide range of polar, hydrophilic functional groups may be used to induce solubility in water, and these include sulfonates, alcohols, nitriles, amines,... 

Aldicarb nitrile, see Aldicarb Aldicarb nitrile sulfone, see Aldicarb Aldicarb nitrile sulfoxide, see Aldicarb Aldicarb oxime, see Aldicarb Aldicarb oxime sulfone, see Aldicarb Aldicarb oxime sulfoxide, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfone, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfone acid, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfone alcohol, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfone aldehyde, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfone amide, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfone oxime, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfoxide, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfoxide acid, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfoxide alcohol, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfoxide aldehyde, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfoxide amide, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfoxide nitrile, see Aldicarb Aldicarb sulfoxide oxime, see Aldicarb Aldrin, see Dieldrin Aldrin diol, see Aldrin Alkyl hydroperoxides, see Acetaldehyde Allyl alcohol, see Allyl chloride, l,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, 1,2-Dichloropropane Allylbenzene, see Isopropylbenzene p-(2-Atnino-3-nitrophenyl)glucopyranoside, see 2-Nitroaniline Allyl chloride, see Allyl alcohol, l,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, 1,2-Dichloropropane 2-Aminobenzimidazole, see Benomvl... 

Rajagopal et al. (1984) used numerous compounds to develop a proposed pathway of degradation of aldicarb in soil. These compounds included aldicarb oxime, A-hydroxymethyl aldicarb, A-hydroxymethyl aldicarb sulfoxide, A-demethyl aldicarb sulfoxide, A-demethyl aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, A-hydroxymethyl aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb oxime sulfone, aldicarb sulfone aldehyde, aldicarb sulfone alcohol, aldicarb nitrile sulfone, aldicarb sulfone amide, aldicarb sulfone acid, aldicarb oxime sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfoxide aldehyde, aldicarb sulfoxide alcohol, aldicarb nitrile sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfoxide amide, aldicarb sulfoxide acid, elemental sulfur, carbon dioxide, and water. Mineralization was more rapid in aerobic surface soils than in either aerobic or anaerobic subsurface soils. In surface soils (30 cm depth) under aerobic conditions, half-lives ranged from 20 to 361 d. In subsurface soils (20 and 183 cm depths), half-lives under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were 131-233 and 223-1,130 d, respectively (Ou et al, 1985). The reported half-lives in soil ranged from approximately 70 d (Jury et ah, 1987) to several months (Jones et al, 1986). Bromilow et al. (1980) reported the half-life for aldicarb in soil to be 9.9 d at 15 °C and pH 6.34-7.0. 

Ketones containing sulfur or nitrogen atoms bound to a-carbons suffer carbon-sulfur or carbon-nitrogen bond cleavage under the conditions of the Clemmensen reduction [159, 864 (p. 118). A ketosulfone was reduced to a sulfone-alcohol with zinc in refluxing 80% acetic acid in 70% yield [920]. 

It is common practice to put the experimentally obtained values for biodegradation and aquatic toxicity into a kind of matrix, as is illustrated by Fig. 2. The shaded areas in the matrix are the approved areas . Out of the six product types discussed above linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, alcohol ethoxylates, and ester quats lie within the shaded areas, while branched alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkylphenol ethoxylates and stable quats do not. 

A one-pot procedure was developed by Otera et al. from p-cyclogeranylsulfone [32]. Its lithium salt reacted with 3,7-dimethyl-8-oxo-2,6-octadienyl acetate to the sulfone-alcohol. The hydroxyl group was protected to the MOM ether with MeOC Cl. Double elimination could be achieved with potassium MeOK to provide vitamin A in 50% yield, Fig. (12). 

Feijtel, T.C.J. and Belanger, S.E. (1999) Predicted no-effect concentrations and risk characterization of four surfactants linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylated sulfates, and soap. Environ Toxicol Chem, 18, 2653-2663. 

Matthis, E., M. S. Holt, A. Kiewiet, and G. B. J. Rijs, Environmental monitoring for linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alcohol ethoxylate, alcohol ethoxy sulfate, alcohol sulfate, and soap , Environ Toxicol. Chem., 18,2634-2644 (1999). 

Sodium Xylene Sulfonate Alcohol SD-3A Sodium Citrate Citric Acid... 

Anionic This group has been classified into subgroups, including alkyl benzene sulfonates, hnear aUcyl benzene sulfonates, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates, alkyl phenol ether sulfates, fatty acid amide ether sulfates, alpha-olefin sulfates, paraffin sulfonates, alpha sulfonated fatty acids and esters, sulfonated fatty acids and esters, mono- and di-ester sulfosuccinates, sulfo-succinamates, petroleum sulfonates, phosphate esters, and ligno-sulfonates. Anionic surfactants have been extensively monitored and characterized in various environmental matrices [140-148]. 

Alkanolamides are similar to amine oxides in that their principal application is as foam stabilizers (boosters) in hand dishwashing formulations. Alkanolamides, however, are generally preferred in linear alkylben-zene sulfonate/alcohol-ether-sulfate-based formulations, while amine oxides seem to be the preferred foam stabilizer for alcohol sulfate/alcohol-ether-sulfate-based formulations. 

The major surfactants used in laundry detergents have traditionally been linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, alcohol... 

Ethoxylated Sulfonates The condensation of fatty alcohols and ethylene oxide yields non-ionic sufactants, which are low emulsifiers and low foamers. The ethoxylated sulfonates can be prepared by sulfonating ethoxylated alcohols. Sulfonated alcohols are excellent foamers as are the sulfonated versions of non-ionic surfactants. The ethoxylated sulfonates are also known as alcohol ether sulfonates. The laboratory results and field tests indicate that the mixed surfactant formulation composed of a petroleum sulfonate and ethoxylated sulfonate or alcohol can improve oil recovery as well as increase salinity tolerance. Ethoxylated sulfonates also lead to a greater flexibility in fluid system design because the degree of ethoxylation and/or the chain length may be varied to adjust slug viscosity. 

Property sulfonate alcohol sulfate) acid) ethoxy late polyglucoside Alkyl betaine... 

Surfactants Are the most important components improve the wetting ability of water, emusify and remove soil particles Alkylbenzene sulfates, e.g. linear alkylbenzene sidfonate (LAS) Alcohol sulfates, e.g. Fatty alcohol sulfates (FAS) Alcohol ether sulfates ot-Olefin sulfonates Alcohol ethoxylates Alkylphenol ethoxylates Fatty alkanolamides Fatty amine oxides Alkylpolyglucucosides Betaines Imidazolinium salts Quaternary ammonium compounds ... 

Sulfonated alcohols are used for anionic detergents. Ammonium lauryl sulfate and sodium lauryl sulfate were analyzed for active, anionic detergent solids moisture benzoic acid viscosity and pH [132-134]. 

For laundry detergents containing mixtures of alkylbenzene sulfonate, alcohol sulfates, or alcohol ethoxy sulfates, sulfonation reactions are either campaigned or produced in two separate units—one for sulfonation, one for sulfation. The respective acids can be blended prior to neutralization to yield a superior product to one made by post-blending of the neutral salts. 

Chem. Descrip. Calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate/alcohol ethoxylate tonic Nature Anionic Uses Surfactant for agric. formulations Hoe S 2650 [Clariant/Functional Chems,]... 

Chem. Descrip. Linear alkylaryl sulfonate, alcohol ether sulfate and ethoxylated adduct... 

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