Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate

Linear paraffins in the C q to range are used for the production of alcohols and plasticizers and biodegradable detergents of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and nonionic types (see Alcohols Plasticizers Surfactants). Here the UOP Molex process is used to extract / -paraffins from a hydrotreated kerosine (6—8). 

Alkylation of benzene using alpha olefins produces linear alkylbenzenes, which are further sulfonated and neutralized to linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LABS). These compounds constitute, with alcohol ethoxy-sulfates and ethoxylates, the basic active ingredients for household detergents. Production of LABS is discussed in Chapter 10. 

Typical properties of detergent alkylate are shown in Table 10-2. Detergent manufacturers buy linear alkylbenzene, sulfonate it with SO3, and then neutralize it with NaOH to produce linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LABS), the active ingredient in detergents ... 

When comparing secondary alkanesulfonates (SAS) and linear alkylbenzene-sulfonates (LAS), it is obvious that SAS are more readily degraded than LAS. This is somewhat more pronounced at lower temperatures (Table 34). 

FIG. 8 Reduction in surface tension of 0.05% solutions of linear alkylbenzene-sulfonate-a-olefinsulfonate (LABS-AOS) mixed surfactant system. (From Ref. 3.)... 

Jimenez L, A Breen, N Thomas, TW Federle, GS Sayler (1991) Mineralization of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate by a four-member aerobic bacterial consortium. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 1566-1569. 

Huang Y, A Latorre, D Barcelo, J Garcia, P Aguirre, JM Bayona (2004) Factors affecting linear alkylbenzene sulfonates removal in subsurface flow consh ucted wetlands. Environ Sci Technol 38 2657-2663. 

PLE pressurized liquid extraction, SPE solid phase extraction, UE ultrasonic extraction, DSPE dispersive solid phase extraction, SBSE stir bar sorptive extraction, TD-GC-MS thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, LAS linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, CDEAs coconut diethanol amides, NPEOs nonylphenol ethoxylates, DP degradation products, SPC sulphenyl carboxylates, PCDD dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), PCDF dibenzofurans, PCBs biphenyls... 

Gonzalez S, Petrovic M, Barcelo D (2004) Simultaneous extraction and fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, coconut diethanol amides, nonylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation products in wastewater treatment plants, receiving coastal waters and sediments in the Catalonian area (NE Spain). J Chromatogr A 1052(1-2) 111-120... 

Eichhom P, Lopez O, Barcelo D (2005) Application of liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry for the identification and characterisation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and sulfophenyl carboxylates in sludge-amended soils. J Chromatogr A 1067 171-179... 

Mackay D, Di Guardo A, Paterson S, Kicsi G, Cowan D, Kane D (1996) Assessment of chemical fate in the environment using evaluative, regional and local-scale models illustrative application to chlorobenzene and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. Environ Toxicol Chem 15(9) 1638-1648... 

Fig. 4.3 Interfacial tension between a solution of C,2/i4-fatty alcohol sulfate (FAS) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and two different oils as a function of time [43].

Surfactants, such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and alkylphenol ethoxylates, are present in whitewaters because of their use as cleaning agents or as additives in antifoamers, deinkers, dispersants, etc. The non-ionic surfactants alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO) degrade to nonylphenol (NP) or to a... 

Larvik furnaces, 21 395—396 LASIII glass, matrix for ceramic—matrix composites, 5 553t LAS acid, 23 554. See also Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS)... 

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) a-Olefin sulfonates (AOSs)... 

The trend of discovering the analytical field of environmental analysis of surfactants by LC-MS is described in detail in Chapters 2.6-2.13 and also reflected by the method collection in Chapter 3.1 (Table 3.1.1), which gives an overview on analytical determinations of surfactants in aqueous matrices. Most methods have focused on high volume surfactants and their metabolites, such as the alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO, Chapter 2.6), linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS, Chapter 2.10) and alcohol ethoxylates (AE, Chapter 2.9). Surfactants with lower consumption rates such as the cationics (Chapter 2.12) and esterquats (Chapter 2.13) or the fluorinated surfactants perfluoro alkane sulfonates (PFAS) and perfluoro alkane carboxylates (PFAC) used in fire fighting foams (Chapter 2.11) are also covered in this book, but have received less attention. 

NPEOs and OPEOs (rcEo = 3-10) as industrial blends or standard compound (Triton X-100), respectively, were separated together with linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) on a Ci-RP column [10]. The intensive ions that could be observed in the spectra were mono-, di- and tri-sodium adduct ions [M + Na]+ (m/z 581), [M + 2Na]+ (m/z 604) and [M + 3Na]+ (m/z 626) of the EO7 homologue. The intensity of the molecular [M + H]+-ion, however, was small compared with the sodium adduct ions. The compounds had been concentrated prior to separation on Cis and SAX SPE cartridges. Samples from river water were handled in the same way. 

NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs), [4] for alcohol ethoxylates (AEs), and [5] for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) and sulfopheny carboxylates (SPCs)). 

The quantitative environmental analysis of surfactants, such as alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs), is complicated by the presence of a multitude of isomers and oligomers in the source mixtures (see Chapter 2). This issue bears many similarities to the quantitation problems that have occurred with halogenated aromatic compound mixtures, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) [1]. 

Commercial linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) contain mixtures of several alkyl chain homologues each with a variable number of... 

Based on their use in industrial and domestic applications and abundance in environmental samples, six surfactants were selected by the participants of interlaboratory study I. Two different standard mixture solutions (standards II and 12) were distributed to all participants for the preparation of the calibration graphs. Standard II contained Arkopal N100 (NPEO), Marlamid DF 1218 (coconut fatty acid diethanolamide, CDEA) and Marlon A 350 (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, LAS) at 1000 mg L-1 for each compound, while standard 12 contained Rewopol NOS 5 (nonylphenol ethoxylate sulfate, NPEO-SO4),... 

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