Anionic surfactant, used

Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate is undoubtedly the anionic surfactant used in the greatest amount because it is the basic component in almost all laundry and dishwashing detergents in powder and liquid forms. However, alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates are the more versatile anionic surfactants because their properties vary, with the alkyl chain, with the number of moles of ethylene oxide added to the base alcohol and with the cation. Consequently, alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates are used in almost all scientific, consumer, and industrial applications. 

In most products,alkyl ether sulfates are used in form of mixtures with other surfactants. Alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) is the most important anionic surfactant used in combination with alkyl ether sulfates. 

On the other hand, with microemulsions based on an anionic surfactant and a long chain alcohol, was fairly low for certain concentrations, indicating that distinct water droplets in a hydrophobic medium may form. The system investigated by Lindman et al (29-34) was based on octanoic acid - decanol -octane-water. This means that the anionic "surfactant" used contains only seven carbon atoms in the alkyl chain which is fairly short. With longer chain surfactants, one would expect well defined "water cores" provided the alcohol is also long-chain. Such well defined "water cores" have also been confirmed by Lindman et a (34) for the Aerosol OT - hydrocarbon system. 

Zhang, R., K. Hirakawa, D. Seto, et al. 2005. Sequential injection chemiluminescence immunoassay for anionic surfactants using magnetic microbeads immobilized with an antibody. Talanta 68 231-238. 

About 4 percent of 2-ethylhexanol domestic demand is consumed in the manufacture of di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate -a general purpose anionic surfactant used in textile processing. 

The vast majority of miniemulsion polymerizations reported in the literature have been stabilized with anionic surfactants, probably because of the widespread application of anionic surfactants in macroemulsion polymerization, and due to their compatibility with neutral or anionic (acid) monomers and anionic initiators. However, Landfester and coworkers [70, 71] have used the cationic surfactants cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetyltri-methyl ammonium tartrate for the production of styrene miniemulsions. They report that these surfactants produce similar particle sizes to anionic surfactants used at the same levels. Bradley and Grieser [72] report the use of dodecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride for the miniemulsion polymerization of MMA and BA. 

Currently, there is concern about the use of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO), also known as C8 , which is necessary for the manufacture of fluorinated plastics and elastomers in water. C8 is a perfluorinated anionic surfactant used as a dispersing agent in the polymerization and copolymerization of many fluoropolymers, including poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), poly(vinylidene... 

MiUotis T, Knutsson M, Jdnsson jA, and Mathiasson L. Determination of aromatic anionic surfactants using supported Uquid membrane technique. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1996 64 35 5. 

Sodium tetradecylsulfate is an anionic surfactant used as a sclerosant. 

Katritzky, A.R., Pacureanu, L., Dobchev, D. and Karelson, M. (2007) QSPR study of critical micelle concentration of anionic surfactants using computational molecular descriptors. /. Chem. Inf. Model, 47, 782-793. 

This brings up the important point that the choice of counterion is also key for efficacy of the main anionic surfactants used in the cleaning formula. It has been known for some time that divalent metal salts of alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonates, and the like are better grease cleaners than the analogous sodium salts [87,88], These are more difficult to use due to their lower water stability, but they can be formulated with some of the more effective grease cutting solvents [89-90]. It has also been claimed that if ammonium salts of the anionic surfactants are used less residue is left on the surface [91]. 

Contamination of coastal waters results from the discharge of anionic surfactants used in detergents such as alkyl-arylsulphonates and some alkyl sulphates. Of more localized significance, too, is terrestrial run-off of organo-sulphur containing fertilizers, fungicides, and insecticides (see Meyer, 1977 Nyborg, 1978). 

Figure 6a. The effect of anionic surfactants used in latex synthesis on the viscosity of 2% solution of HEUR 270. Key A, ammonium salt of nonylphenol ethoxylate average 20 oxyethylene units) sulfate O, ammonium salt of nonylphenol ethoxylate average 9 oxyethylene units) sulfate.

In concept, this mechanism could be viable because it would buffer repulsions among anionic surfactants used in the latex s synthesis. The phenomenon was originally noted in a number of studies by McBain and coworkers in the 1930s. In a coating this mechanism is unlikely for three... 

Kawase et. al.[24] determined anionic surfactants using liquid-liquid extraction based on the methylene blue method at an early stage of development. Sahlestrom and Karl-berg [25] used the same reaction to determine anionic surfactants using a microconduit extraction system. The methods were not intended for very low concentration levels. 

Salt and alkali solutions were prepared from reagent grade chemicals. The anionic surfactant used was Neodol 25-3S, a commercial alcohol ethoxysulfate obtained from Shell Chemical Company as a 60 wt% active solution. The nonionic surfactant examined was Triton X-100, obtained from J.T. Baker Inc. as a 100 wt% active solution. 

Block copolymers 2.45 and 2.46 were prepared by emulsion copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylated terthiophenes in the presence of a fluorinated anionic surfactant using K2S2O8 as a... 

Figure 5.2.3 shows results of comparison of foam volumes vs time between VA/AA-based surfactants and commercially available anionic surfactants. Features of the anionic surfactants used are... 

The first anionic surfactants used as demulsifiers are known as soaps and are usually prepared by saponification of natural fatty acid glycerides in alkaline solution [2,22], The degree of water solubility is controlled by the length of the alkyl chain ranging from 12 to 18. Multivalent ions such... 

In studying flocculation of silica by cationic surfactants it is of interest that an excess of the surfactant can be titrated with an anionic surfactant using bromo-phenol blue as.an indicator (307). 

These are the major anionic surfactants used in all ranges of household detergents formulation, but especially in heavy duty laundry products, sometimes in combination with nonionics, alcohol sulphates of the tallow range and soaps. 

The ALKASURF sulfosuccinates are anionic surfactants used as both primary and secondary surfactants in personal care formulations. 

Uses Emulsifier, detergent, dispersant for petrol, oils, agric. fbmnulations intenne-diate for mig. of high-lbaming anionic surfactants used in shampoos Regulatory Exempt from tolerance under ERA 40CFR 180.1001 (c)(e)... 

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