Substantiation

Substantiation is the verification of claims or statements made in promotional materials. This verification is usually by citing references, which in most countries must be provided to healthcare professionals and sometimes to competitors when requested. 

In general terms, substantiation by referencing is required in promotion in the following circumstances  

It is not normally necessary to substantiate claims that are within the terms of the licence. The type of data allowed to substantiate statements varies from country to country. They are  

Published data, e.g. from journals in the public domain 

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Two further examples of type I ternary systems are shown in Figure 19 which presents calculated and observed selectivities. For successful extraction, selectivity is often a more important index than the distribution coefficient. Calculations are shown for the case where binary data alone are used and where binary data are used together with a single ternary tie line. It is evident that calculated selectivities are substantially improved by including limited ternary tie-line data in data reduction. 

The strength of an acid is measured by the value of its dissociation constant, strong acids, e.g. HCl, HNO3. being substantially fully ionized in solution and weak acids predominately unionized. 

If a situation arises whereby formation fluid or gas enters the bore bole the driller will notice an increase in the total volume of mud. Other indications such as a sudden increase in penetration rate and a decrease in pump pressure may also indicate an influx. Much depends on a quick response of the driller to close in the well before substantial volumes of formation fluid have entered the borehole. Onoe the BOP is closed, the new mud gradient required to restore balance to the system can be calculated. The heavier mud is then circulated in through the kill line and the lighter mud and influx is circulated out through the choke line. Once overbalance is restored, the BOP can be opened again and drilling operations continue. 

The dissolution of carbonates can create spectacular features like those found in many caves. The process is termed karstification. Some reservoirs are related to Karst. Examples are the Bohai Bay Field in China or the Nang Nuan oil field in the Gulf of Thailand. These reservoirs are characterised by high initial production from the large open pore system. However, since the Karst features are connected downdip to the waterleg this is usually followed by rapid and substantial water breakthrough. ... 

Centrifugal demister or cyclone) devices rely on high velocities to remove liquid particles and substantial pressure drops are required in cyclone design to generate these velocities. Cyclones have a limited range over which they operate efficiently this is a disadvantage if the input stream flowrate is very variable. 

In such cases the development scheme for the original reserves may have to be modified to make processing capacity available for the new hydrocarbons. The economics of such a scheme can be affected negatively if substantial engineering modifications have to made to meet new safety legislation. For more background to ERD refer to Section 3. 

AE activity recorded on the SH header of Unit 3 is substantially lower than that recorded the SH header of Unit 4 this could be traced to the different materials of the 2 headers (stainless steel vs low alloy steel). 

Experiments have shown promising results. For components in sintered state a number of components with different defects have been able to reject based on reference measurements on components without defects. For components in green state the results vary, cracks have been able to detect, but density differences not. For both measurements on components in green and sintered state scatter between measurements was observed to be substantial. 

The standard will make a substantial contribution toward the achievement of the goal "Radioscopy - as much as possible radiography - as much as necessary . 

In addition to the above 4 components a substantial part of the imaging system is the image eraser, which enables the multiple use of an IP. 

It was found that that in the case of soft beta and X-ray radiation the IPs behave as an ideal gas counter with the 100% absorption efficiency if they are exposed in the middle of exposure range ( 10 to 10 photons/ pixel area) and that the relative uncertainty in measured intensity is determined primarily by the quantum fluctuations of the incident radiation (1). The thermal neutron absorption efficiency of the present available Gd doped IP-Neutron Detectors (IP-NDs) was found to be 53% and 69%, depending on the thicknes of the doped phosphor layer ( 85pm and 135 pm respectively). No substantial deviation in the IP response with the spatial variation over the surface of the IP was found, when irradiated by the homogeneous field of X-rays or neutrons and deviations were dominated by the incident radiation statistics (1). 

In this section some facts will be given and some estimations will be made which will substantiate the problems outlined above and which will help to give an impression about the influence of changes in the film system on the detection sensitivity. 

The actuality of researches of multi-layer objects with high density of materials for airspace technics is substantiate by several firms. The distribution of the heavier in longerons and elements of the screw of the helicopter was determined with the help of RCT. In the filler made of graphite or rubbers the layers of heavier from leaden alloys and the air stratification 1 up to 5 mm wide are revealed with the ratio signal / noise more than 3, even at presence of an external steel cover. 

In both preceding cases, the demands to the electrolysis unit are limited, since there is no need to keep the silver content in the fixer tank constantly low. A steady state silver concentration in the fixer between 3 and 5 g/1 is acceptable, since this causes no substantial loss of fixation speed. 

The process is designed such that virtually all silver is fixed in the first fixing step. The fixer in the first fixer section has a typical silver concentration of 7 g/1. The silver in the second fixer section originates from the carry-over from the first fixing section, and a typical silver concentration is 0,4 g/1. Hence, the silver carried over to the rinsing section will be substantially lower. 

One more obvious example illustrates strong influence of particle s sedimentation upon the sensitivity threshold. Assume that we have to ensure the detection of the cracks with the depth 10 > 2 mm in the case when the same product family indicated above is applied and h = 20 pm. The calculation using formula (1) shows that in the absence of sedimentation only the cracks with the width H > 2 pm could be detected. But when the effect of sedimentation results in the reduction of the value of developer layer thickness from h = 20 pm to h = 8 pm, then the cracks of substantially smaller width H > 0,17 pm can be revealed at the same length lo = 2 mm. Therefore we can state that due to the sedimentation of developer s particles the sensitivity threshold has changed being 12 times smaller. Similar results were obtained using formula (2) for larger particles of the developers such as kaolin powder. 

The thickness of dry developer s layer is substantially smaller in a zone imbibed by a penetrant due to the process of particles sedimentation. Reduced thickness h of imbibed zone can be 80% smaller than the thickness h of dry one. It must be taken into account in the calculations of PT characteristics in the frame of the theory [1-3]. 

The results of corrosion surveys are received by the Surveyor in an agreed format using Forms TMl - TM8, preferably with the LR software freely issued to the approved firms. The report will highlight any areas where corrosion has gone beyond the permitted maximum diminution, which may be as low as 15% of the nominal thickness for a single item, and will also identify areas of "substantial corrosion T.e., any in excess of 75% of the permitted maximum. Corrosion in excess of that permitted means that the item has to be replaced. Any areas of corrosion deemed to be "substantial" are recorded for annual inspection. The Surveyor will review the completed report for verification and confirmation of the completeness of the thickness survey. 

Some fairly typical results, obtained by LaMer and co-workers [275] are shown in Fig. IV-24. At the higher film pressures, the reduction in evaporation rate may be 60-90%—a very substantial effect. Similar results have been reported for the various fatty acids and their esters [276,277]. Films of biological materials may offer little resistance, as is the case for cholesterol [278] and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (except if present as a bilayer) [279]. 

Photodegradation as well as fluorescence quenching has been observed in chlorophyll monolayers [302,316]. Whitten [317] observed a substantial decrease in the area of mixed films of tripalmitin and a ci5-thioindigo dye as isomerization to the trti 5-thioindigo dye occurred on irradiation with UV light. 

Themiodynamics is a powerful tool in physics, chemistry and engineering and, by extension, to substantially all other sciences. However, its power is narrow, since it says nothing whatsoever about time-dependent phenomena. It can demonstrate that certain processes are impossible, but it caimot predict whether thennodynamically allowed processes will actually take place. 

There are several different fomis of work, all ultimately reducible to the basic definition of the infinitesimal work Dn =/d/ where /is the force acting to produce movement along the distance d/. Strictly speaking, both/ and d/ are vectors, so Dn is positive when the extension d/ of the system is in the same direction as the applied force if they are in opposite directions Dn is negative. Moreover, this definition assumes (as do all the equations that follow in this section) that there is a substantially equal and opposite force resisting the movement. Otiierwise the actual work done on the system or by the system on the surroundings will be less or even zero. As will be shown later, the maximum work is obtained when tlie process is essentially reversible . 

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