Pixel area

It was found that that in the case of soft beta and X-ray radiation the IPs behave as an ideal gas counter with the 100% absorption efficiency if they are exposed in the middle of exposure range ( 10 to 10 photons/ pixel area) and that the relative uncertainty in measured intensity is determined primarily by the quantum fluctuations of the incident radiation (1). The thermal neutron absorption efficiency of the present available Gd doped IP-Neutron Detectors (IP-NDs) was found to be 53% and 69%, depending on the thicknes of the doped phosphor layer ( 85pm and 135 pm respectively). No substantial deviation in the IP response with the spatial variation over the surface of the IP was found, when irradiated by the homogeneous field of X-rays or neutrons and deviations were dominated by the incident radiation statistics (1). 

FIGURE 7.18 A magnified view of a flexible PMOLED on a PET substrate. The pixel pitch is 317 pm and the active pixel area is defined by each square. 

In 4-a-Si H TFTs 100 dpi AM-PLED, the aperture ratio (AR) of the pixel was 22%, which was defined as the ratio of the light-emitting pixel PLED area (77 x 185 pm2) to the whole pixel area (254 x 254 pm2). The AR of the pixel was reduced to 10% in 4-a-Si H TFTs 200 dpi AM-PLED pixel PLED area and the whole pixel area were 24 x 65 pm2 and 127 x 127 pm2, respectively. 

After the phases of the Fourier transform were compensated for the effects of the CTF, the 2D reciprocal lattice was determined and refined using all the diffiaction spots in the Fourier transform. The amplitude of each reflection was extracted by integrating a 3x3 pixel area around the reflection (with the background subtracted) and the phase was taken from the refined position of the reflection in the Fourier transform, as described by Hovmoller (1992). 

Figure 7.2 Fractal concentration-area (C-A) plots for Pb and U. The vertical axis represents cumulative pixel areas A(p), with element concentration values greater than p, and the horizontal axis the pixel values (p). Breaks between straight-line segments and corresponding values of p have been used as cutoffs to reclassify pixel values in the MIDW interpolated map (Fig. 7.1 A and B).

Since a-Si H has a high resistivity, the Al electrode array pitch determines the resolution for this device. One pixel area is 23.5 X 13.5 pm. The associated Al electrode is 20.5 X11 pm. Therefore the ratio between Al electrode area and one pixel area is as high as 0.73. 

This estimate includes a 1 GtC contribution from macroalgae (Smith, 1981). Differences in ocean NPP estimates between Behrenfeld and Falkowski (1997) and those in the global annual NPP for the biosphere and this table result from (i) addition of Arctic and Antarctic monthly ice masks (ii) correction of a rounding error in previous calculations of pixel area and (hi) changes in the designation of the seasons to correspond with Falkowski et al. (1998). 

Recently, a 128 x 128 CMOS APD detector has been produced at the ETH Lausanne (EPFL). This development will provide a 10 pixel area for simultaneous kinetic and d mamic analysis with a time resolution of ns and... 

To edit large toolbuttons, choose Toolbars from the View menu and check the Large Buttons check box. Then display the button image to be edited. The pixel area displayed is 24 pixels wide by 23 high. 

The sample area however is difficult to measure due to the air inclusions (holes) and the rough boundaries of the sample. Therefore we scanned the samples with a HP deskscan (ScanJet 3c) at highest resolution (600 dpi) to a pcx-file. Every pixel corresponds to a square of 42.3 pm X 42.3 pm. A determination of the surface area is possible by a summation of the number of black pixels (i.e. the pixels that are covered by the sample area). The error is due to the fact, that the CCD-elements of the scanner counts a pixel as black if more than 50 % (but not necessarily all) of the pixel area is covered by the sample. This happens only at the border of the sample. Therefore the error is as low as 0.5 %. 

Detector Type Pixel area/pm2 Number of pixels (area/mm2 j Max. quantum (10% limits) Full well capacity/e Read-out noise (e rms)... 

Pixel area Pixel area Pixel area (1,1) (1,2) (1,3)... 

Total pixel area for the clusters ot labeled-labeled dDNA In the whole cell Sftott... 

Fig. 8.4 Schematic diagram illustrating methods for quantifying the subcellular distribution of plasmid DNA (pDNA). After the transfection of rhodamine-labeled pDNA, the endosome/lysosome fraction and nuclear fraction was stained with LysoSenser DND-189 and Hoechst 33342, respectively to discriminate the subcellular localization of pDNA. For the data analysis, the pixel areas of each cluster on plasma membrane, S (mem), endosomes/lysosomes, Sj(end/lys), cytosol s, (cyt) and nucleus S (nuc) were separately summed in each XY-plane, and are denoted as S2 j(mem), S2 j(end/lys), S2 j(cyt) and S2 j(nuc), respectively. The values of S2 j(mem), S2 j(end/lys), and S j(nuc) in each X-Y plane were further summed and are denoted as...

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