Substantial damage

As shown in Chap. 7, shock compression introduces large numbers of defects which in turn cause substantial increases in solid state reactivity. Such shock activation is obviously critical to the process. One of the most direct effects of the mechanical deformation is the removal of oxides or other surface films from the surfaces of the powders. It is well recognized that such surface films can greatly inhibit chemical reaction. The very large mechanical deformation would be expected to substantially damage, if not completely remove, such films. Other manifestations of shock activation are shown in the next chapter. Effects have been shown that represent many orders of magnitude of change in solid state reactivity. 

Butyl- and phenyltin compounds, particularly the trialkylated forms are very toxic to marine life. The antifouling paints, mainly tributyltin (TBT) but also triphenyltin (TPhT) caused and continue to cause substantial damage because of their slow biodegradation and their accumulation in the biota, notwithstanding a substantial reduction in application through multi-national regulation). 

Alternative release cases for toxic substances cover scenarios with toxic concentrations beyond the fenceline. Alternative cases for flammable substances cover scenarios that may cause substantial damage off site and on site. The release scenarios that have a potential to reach the public are of the greatest concern. Those with no off-site potential damage are not required to be reported. 

In oil and gas facilities, these effects can be generally related to flame velocity, where this velocity is below 100 m/s (300 ft./s), damage is considered unlikely (Note This is generally within the limits of confinement normally found in offshore facilities). The size of a vapor cloud or plume in which such velocities can occur has been experimentally investigated at the Christian Michelsen Institute (CMI, Norway). The experiments demonstrated that flames need a "run-up" distance of approximately 5.5 meters (18 ft.) to reach damaging speeds. Therefore vapor clouds with dimensions less than this may not cause substantial damage. This is a much over-simplification of the factors and variables involved, but does assume the WCCE of congestion, confinement and gas concentrations. 

As with killing in modem warfare, that in the defence of the body uses different systems and different weapons, and collaboration and communication between the different systems is essential, hi addition, the weapons must kill without incurring substantial damage to the host tissues (i.e. minimal collateral damage). However, death of some host cells is essential in defence of the body as a whole. 

Carbon tetrachloride is toxic through both inhalation and ingestion. Toxic symptoms from inhalation tend to be associated with nervous system, whereas those from ingestion often involve the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Both the liver and kidney may be substantially damaged by carbon tetrachloride. 

A major drawback of aryl azides is that their maximum absorption wavelength is below 300 nm, since electromagnetic irradiation at these wavelengths can substantially damage the biological system. Consequently, a large number of substituted aryl azides have been made and evaluated for their absorption... 

Even if one unit explodes, there should not be substantial damage to the shed itself. Therefore no visible outside damage should result from any explosion within. 

Examination of the crack profiles after cyclic fatigue revealed extensive branching at the crack tip and a substantial damage zone in the vicinity of the (macro)crack tip. Increases in test temperature caused an increase in the size of the zone. Close examination revealed bifurcation of cracks and ligaments extended across the crack faces. An example of a typical fatigue crack profile appears in Chapter 7 by Suresh. 

In Uzbekistan, the world s second largest cotton exporter, toxic agrochemicals first applied to cotton 50 years ago now pollute the country s land, air, food and drinking water. Despite the substantial damage that these chemicals cause to human health and the environment, Uzbekistan s dictatorship still sanctions the use of cotton pesticides so toxic that they were banned under the Soviets. 

While the global organic fibre market is now worth around US 800 million , conventional cotton farmers across the world continue to use some US 2 billion of chemicals per year, within which at least US 819 million are classified as hazardous , and cause substantial damage to the well-being of developing world communities and their environment. 

A similar test is performed on the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) apparatus. The thermograms are similar but allow for quantitative interpretation of the results. Currently, the DSC is the more common apparatus used. In addition to its enabling quantitative interpretation of results, the DSC is a more sensitive instrument and thus allows smaller samples to be used. A 40-mg sample, upon violent deflagration, can result in substantial damage to the instrument. 

Ozone causes substantial damage to both agricultural and wild plants in many places, causing a distinctive, acute injury that reduces the photosynthetic area of foliage. Most plants are acutely injured by a two to four hour exposure to 200-300 ppb ozone, while longer-term exposures to about 100 ppb cause yield decreases, even in the absence of acute injuries. However, some species are relatively sensitive to ozone. In one laboratory experiment, tobacco was acutely injured by exposures to only 50-60 ppb for two to three hours, and spinach by 60-80 ppb for one to two hours. Sensitive species of conifers can be injured by 80 ppb over a 12-hour exposure. 

Impact strength The ability of a material to accept a sudden shock without fracture or other substantial damage, as measured by standard impact testing equipment. 

Marble and limestone surfaces were exposed to atmospheric conditions at four eastern U.S. sites and were monitored for changes in surface chemistry, surface roughness/re-cession, and weight. The effect of acid deposition, to which calcareous materials are especially sensitive, was of particular interest. Results are described for the first year of testing, and aspects of a preliminary equation to relate damage to environmental factors are discussed. Thus far, findings support that acid deposition substantially damages marble and limestone surfaces. 

Clearly, this is a sizable e.xplosion. In fact, a blast of 5 kg ofTNT will cause the total destruction of structures not reinforced to withstand blasts within a circle of raciiu 7 meters from tlie blast site, substantial damage out to a radius of 14 meters, minor siructural damage out to 55 meters, and broken windows out to 130 meters. Also, eardrum ruptures can be e-xpected to 10 meters from the site of the e.xplosion. M... 

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