Japan substantiation

Second-generation juvenoids incorporate more substantial stmctural departures from neotenin and are more resistant to metaboHc and environmental degradation. Epiphenonane, 2-ethyl-3-[3-ethyl-5-(4-ethylphenoxy)-pent-3-en-yl] 2-methyloxirane (131), has a rat oral LD q of 4000 mg/kg. It and similar juvenoids are used in China and Japan to prolong the last larval instar of the silkworm so that silk production is increased 10—15%. Fenoxycarb, ethyl [2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl] carbamate (132) (mp 53°C, vp 0.0078 mPa at 20°C), is soluble in water to 6 mg/L. The rat oral LD q is >16,800 mg/kg. Fenoxycarb has a wide spectmm of activity, interfering with the developmental processes of fleas, cockroaches, and ants. 

Japan switch to universal pubHcation, output rose quickly above 100,000/yr (- SSO, 000/yr in 1992—1994) language and numbers make quaHty documen-tation a substantial problem... 

Since the mid-1980s, PV sales have climbed by a factor of four or more to over 60 MW annually, while installed costs have fallen by mote than half. In this same period, a substantial consumer market for PV-poweted watches and calculators emerged in Japan. The total number of these products in the marketplace in the 1990s numbers in the hundreds of millions. 

Nonformaldehyde Finishing. The concern for formaldehyde release prompted interest in the development of cross-linking systems that did not contain formaldehyde. A number of systems were investigated but generally these systems seemed to fall short in performance (106,107). For example, l,3-dimethyl-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMeDHEU) (5) has been used in Japan since 1974. This same agent has been marketed in the United States and elsewhere, but generally the level of smooth-dry performance is substantially lower than the level achievable with DMDHEU. The cost of dimethylurea also raises the overall cost of DMeDHEU above that of DMDHEU. 

The United States is highly dependent on bismuth imports because domestic usage greatiy outmns domestic production. In 1990, the United States imported 1612 t of bismuth (3). The primary sources are Belgium, Mexico, and Pern. Substantial quantities of metal were also imported from Canada, China, Germany, and the United Kingdom. A small quantity of bismuth was imposed from Japan. 

The perhydrolysis reaction could theoretically continue to give four moles of peracid per mole of TAED but stops at this stoichiometry because of the substantial increase in the conjugate acid pify of the leaving group going from an amide (p-R = 17) to an amine (pif = 35) (94,95). Nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS) [101482-85-3] is used in detergent products in the United States and Japan. The NOBS perhydrolysis reaction is shown in equation 20 (96). 

The pattern of commercial production of 1,3-butadiene parallels the overall development of the petrochemical industry. Since its discovery via pyrolysis of various organic materials, butadiene has been manufactured from acetylene as weU as ethanol, both via butanediols (1,3- and 1,4-) as intermediates (see Acetylene-DERIVED chemicals). On a global basis, the importance of these processes has decreased substantially because of the increasing production of butadiene from petroleum sources. China and India stiU convert ethanol to butadiene using the two-step process while Poland and the former USSR use a one-step process (229,230). In the past butadiene also was produced by the dehydrogenation of / -butane and oxydehydrogenation of / -butenes. However, butadiene is now primarily produced as a by-product in the steam cracking of hydrocarbon streams to produce ethylene. Except under market dislocation situations, butadiene is almost exclusively manufactured by this process in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. 

The United States is largely self-sufficient with respect to copper, meeting any shortfall by imports. AustraHa and the CIS consume most of their production on the domestic market. Japan and Western Europe import substantial quantities of copper in the form of concentrates, bHster, and refined copper. World mine, smelter, and refining capacities in 1989 are given in Table 6. Copper industries in Chile, Pern, Zaire, and Zambia are nationalized. 

A major element of energy policy in leading industrial countries such as the United States, Germany, Britain, Japan, and France has been provision of substantial aid to existing energy industries. Part of the... 

The introduction of concentrated laundry detergent powders in Japan during 1986-1987 produced a substantial increase in the consumption of LAB in the subsequent 3-4 years as the market changed from low-density, spray-dried powders to the concentrated (compact) products. In these products, which may contain up to 40% surfactant, the cost/performance advantages of LAS are of significance. In addition, LAB sulfonic acid is well suited for the production of high-active, high-density (about 1.0 g/cm3) laundry powders by routes other... 

The pattern of hormonal risk factors involved in the development of endometrial cancer is similar to those associated with the development of breast cancer. In addition, there is substantial evidence to suggest that HRT can increase the risk (Beral et al, 1999 Bingham et al, 1998). Compared to the UK, the incidence of endometrial cancer in countries such as Japan is relatively low (Bingham et al, 1998). It has been suggested that dietary factors may be responsible for the reduced incidence, and there is indirect evidence from epidemiology studies which suggests that increased consumption of soy products may lower the risk of endometrial cancer. However, these data are not conclusive. To date, no studies have demonstrated a link between consumption of phytoestrogens and an increased risk of endometrial cancer. 

Substantial amounts of homogenization temperature data on the Neogene vein-type deposits in Japan are available (e.g., Enjoji and Takenouchi, 1976 Shikazono, 1985b) and they are summarized in Fig. 1.87. 

There is also evidence from a large number of studies that homicide and violent crime are substantially more common in less egalitarian countries. (A meta analysis carried out by Hsieh and Pugh showing violent crime and homicide rates related to income inequality covers 34 studies (Hsieh and Pugh, 1993).) All of this evidence strongly suggests that as social status differences in a society increase, the quality of social relations deteriorates. The countries studied included the US, UK, Italy, and Japan, plus a number in Eastern Europe. 

Because of their central role in maintaining reproductive function, the therapeutic potential of gonadotrophins in treating subfertility/some forms of infertility was obvious. Gonadotrophins are also used to induce a superovulatory response in various animal species, as outlined later. The market for these hormones, though modest by pharmaceutical standards, is, none the less, substantial. By the late 1990s the annual human market stood at about US 250 million, of which the USA accounts for -US 110 million, Europe -US 90 million and Japan US 50 million. 

Locations of disseminated (nonphosphorite) authigenic CFA occurrence, as well as locations of phosphorites. Areas with substantial phosphorite deposits include the East China Sea between Korea and Japan, Ceara Rise, Saanich Inlet, eastern and western equatorial Pacific, California Borderland Basins, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Labrador Sea, Long Island Sound, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic continental platform, and Iberian margin in the northeastern Atlantic. Source From Ruttenberg, K. C. (2003). Treatise on Geochemistry, Elsevier Ltd. pp. 585-643. 

While interest in amorphous alloys was becoming vane over the time, the paradigm shift in materials science brought about by the discovery of amorphous metals and rapid solidification cannot be underestimated. The interest of physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and engineers became refocused from well-ordered crystalline materials to disordered and nanocrystalline phases. Shortly, substantial R D programs were initiated in the USA, Japan, and worldwide both at universities and national government laboratories. Foundations have been established for the advance of the science of nanomaterials. 

The EDI of phthalates in China, Germany, Taiwan, and US populations are shown in Table 7. The calculation was based on phthalate metabolite (primary and secondary) concentrations, the model of David [137] and the excretion fractions according to various authors [23,28,143,144]. DEHP median values are very close or clearly exceed the TDIs and RfD values (Table 4). The median values for the rest of PAEs are below levels determined to be safe for daily exposures estimated by the US (RfD), the EU and Japan (TDI) (Table 4). However, the upper percentiles of DBP and DEHP urinary metabolite concentrations suggested that for some people, these daily phthalate intakes might be substantially higher than previously assumed and exceed the RfD and TDIs. 

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