Czech Republic substantiation

On the basis of obtained national totals, spatial distributions of emissions for all years from 1990 to 2001 were prepared. These data allow us to point out the following changes in emission spatial distribution patterns during the considered period. For example, during this period the decrease in emissions ofPCDD/Fs was observed in all Eastern European countries (Figure 3). The most substantial reduction can be noted for Belarus, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Republic of Moldova. 

There has been substantial progress in the use of alternative sources of energy, such as nuclear and wind energy. The attitude to nuclear energy in different countries remains ambiguous. The number of nuclear reactors in the world (in NPSs) has increased to 437 due to the commissioning in 2007 of new reactors in China (4), South Korea (2), and the Czech Republic (1). In 2002, construction was started of six new reactors in India, and 26 others worldwide were in the process of construction (their combined power will be 20,959 MW). In the U.K. NPSs are considered uncompetitive, and Belgium plans to ban them by 2025. 

The first two factors from the above list were the main reasons for the economic recession in the early 1990s (similarly to other Eastern European countries), which was followed, in the Czech Republic, by relatively quick economic growth driven in substantial part by industry. The first peak of growth was reached in 2000, when the annual GDP growth amounted to 3.9% (in fixed prices). Thereafter, growth slowed down until the end of 2002 and then resumed in 2003. 

In the countries where the scientific structure was not changed with the start of economic changes in 1990s, namely where the academies of sciences and their institutes on physics and chemistry were kept, one can see the most successful groups (Aerosol Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Prague, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic for example). These groups kept the expertise and were able to join and substantially contribute to European collaborations. 

Family allowance programs are common in OECD European countries. Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Union. Benefits are often small—a few US. dollars a month, representing a fraction of the cost of the food basket—although in some middle-income transition states, including the Czech Republic and Hungary, they provide a more substantial contribution to the cost of raising a child. Family allowances can take various forms, such as means-tested child benefits similar to needs-based transfers as used in the Czech Republic, Poland, and South Africa (box 7.2) birth grants or universal transfers for all... 

---