Mildness substantiation

Attack on the electrophilic C-2 may occur as in the 2-aminothiazoles series, which probably explains the rearrangements observed in acidic medium (121, 711, 712, 723, 724), in aqueous medium with NaOAc (725), or with aqueous NaHCOj (725) (Scheme 232). That the initial attack probably involves the C-2 atom is substantiated by the fact that this rearrangement occurs under extremely mild conditions for 2-iinino-3-substituted-5-nitro-4-thiazolines (725). As the whole mechanism proposed (see p. 92) is reversible, when imino derivatives are submitted to such rearrangement conditions the rearrangement is expected to occur faster if steric interaction between 3- and 4-substituents exists in the 2-imino isomer. Another reaction may occur in acidic medium phenylimino-2-bipheny]-3,4-4-thiazoline hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid gives the corresponding 4-thiazoline-2-one and aniline (717). 

Hydrolysis of cationic polyacrylamides prepared from copolymeri2ation of acrylamide and cationic ester monomer can occur under very mild conditions. A substantial loss in cationicity can cause a significant loss in performance in many apphcations. Copolymers [69418-26-4] of acrylamide and acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride [44992-01 -0] CgH gN02(Cl), for instance, lose cationicity rapidly at alkaline pH (37). 

The substantial decrease of polyacrylamide solution viscosity in mildly saline waters can be uti1i2ed to increase injection rates. A quaternary ammonium salt polymer can be added to the polyacrylamide solution to function as a salt and reduce solution viscosity (144). If the cationic charge is in the polymer backbone and substantially shielded from the polyacrylamide by steric hindrance, formation of an insoluble interpolymer complex can be delayed long enough to complete polyacrylamide injection. Upon contacting formation surfaces, the quaternary ammonium salt polymer is adsorbed reducing... 

Direct eye contact with liquid produces injury, generally transient, to the corneal epithelium. The liquid is mildly imtating to the skin due to the degreasing effect repeated contact may cause dermatitis. Ingestion of substantial quantities of liquid can damage the mucous membranes, and produce acute effects ranging from mild discomfort to profound anaesdiesia. 

As a further example of the ineffectiveness of low-alloy additions in slowing down rusting under sheltered conditions, tests by BISRA in indoor atmospheres failed to reveal any substantial difference in the rusting of a chromium-copper steel and of an ordinary mild steel in most of them . The test sites covered a wide range of domestic and industrial conditions, from bathrooms to locomotive sheds. 

Niobium-Tantalum Niobium and tantalum form solid-solution alloys which are resistant to many corrosive media and possess all the valuable properties of the pure metals. This could have great practical value since in a number of branches of technology it might permit the replacement of pure tantalum by a cheaper alloy of niobium and tantalum. Miller" and Argent" reported data on the resistance of the niobium-tantalum system, but the tests were only carried out under mild conditions and the data have only limited significance. However, Gulyaev and Georgieva and Kieffer, Bach and Slempkowski carried out tests at elevated temperatures and their work indicated that the corrosion rates of the alloys are substantially that of tantalum provided the niobium content does not exceed 50%. 

It has been noted that the total current required to protect large structures can be substantial even in mildly corrosive environments. In seawater, for example, an initial current in the region of 200mA/m for bare steel might well be required in the North Sea. This is because the relatively high oxygen concentration and the tide and wave action all contribute to a facile cathodic reaction. Fortunately this current diminishes with time. The reason for this is the protective scale on the steel surface which forms during cathodic protection by decomposition of the seawater. 

The two amino resins in common use are urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde, and most stoving finishes contain one or the other. They have many properties in common urea formaldehyde, however, while substantially cheaper, has poor exterior durability, whereas melamine formaldehyde imparts excellent exterior durability. As they are both water white they give white finishes of excellent colour, with the additional advantage of retaining their colour on over-stoving. Urea formaldehyde is commonly used in conjunction with a lesser quantity of an alkyd to give finishes with excellent resistance to water and mild chemicals, which are therefore well suited to use on domestic equipment, e.g. washing machines. 

The reaction of tert-alkyl Grignard reagents with carboxylic acid chlorides in the presence of a copper catalyst provides ieri-alkyl ketones in substantially lower yields than those reported here.4,14 The simplicity and mildness of experimental conditions and isolation procedure, the diversity of substrate structural type, and the functional group selectivity of these mixed organocuprate reagents render them very useful for conversion of carboxylic acid chlorides to the corresponding secondary and tertiary alkyl ketones.15... 

Social detoxification, which involves the nonpharmacological treatment of alcohol withdrawal, has been shown to be effective (see Naranjo et al. 1983). It consists of frequent reassurance, reality orientation, monitoring of vital signs, personal attention, and general nursing care (Naranjo and Sellers 1986). Social detoxification is most appropriate for patients in mild-to-mod-erate withdrawal. The medical problems commonly associated with alcoholism (Sullivan and O Connor 2004) may substantially complicate therapy, so that care must be taken to refer patients whose condition requires medical management. 

Only two randomized, controlled trials have been completed, and neither provides anything like compelling data (Table 2.6). Chouinard and Albright (1997) conducted a unique evaluation of a subset of patients from a previously conducted clinical trial. Subjects were categorized and profiled at baseline and end point according to clinical severity, and a group of psychiatric nurses were asked to rate various aspects of likely outcome and quality of life to each profile (mild, moderate or severe symptoms). Health state utilities were then calculated risperidone was found to provide more than double the number of quality-adjusted life years compared with haloperidol. Csernansky and Okamoto (1999) conducted a rather more conventional trial, but included no economic analyses. However, they did find that the use of risperidone substantially reduced relapse rates compared with haloperidol—an outcome likely to have a positive impact on cost-effectiveness. 

Biotransformation was also strongly indicated as a factor in the degradation of trichloroethylene in a case of soil and groundwater pollution (Milde et al. 1988). The only ethylenes at the point source of pollution were tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene however, substantial amounts of known metabolites of these two compounds (dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and ethylene) were found at points far from the source. Data from laboratory studies by the same group supported the study authors contention that degradation was due... 

Employing a model system that includes three water molecules, it was shown that the initial step has a substantial energy barrier (>30 kcal/mol) that prevents the addition of water from taking place under mild conditions. 

Odor. Substantially odorless at room temperature. Mild pinelike odor when warm... 

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