MAKE processes

Public consultation and participation aims to assure the quality, comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the EIA, as well as to ensure that the public s views are adequately taken into consideration in the decision-making process. 

The benefit of using the decision tree approach is that it clarifies the decision-making process. The discipline required to construct a logical decision tree may also serve to explain the key decisions and to highlight uncertainties. 

In such cases the development scheme for the original reserves may have to be modified to make processing capacity available for the new hydrocarbons. The economics of such a scheme can be affected negatively if substantial engineering modifications have to made to meet new safety legislation. For more background to ERD refer to Section 3. 

The 5th Framework Programme must be more flexible, both in its research activities and in the decision-making process. The Commission proposes that a simplified decision-making procedure should apply to research policy, including the use of qualified majority voting rather than unanimity in the Council of Ministers. 

One variation of rule-based systems are fuzzy logic systems. These programs use statistical decision-making processes in which they can account for the fact that a specific piece of data has a certain chance of indicating a particular result. All these probabilities are combined in order predict a final answer. 

The monomer recovery process may vary ia commercial practice. A less desirable sequence is to filter or centrifuge the slurry to recover the polymer and then pass the filtrate through a conventional distillation tower to recover the unreacted monomer. The need for monomer recovery may be minimized by usiag two-stage filtration with filtrate recycle after the first stage. Nonvolatile monomers, such as sodium styrene sulfonate, can be partially recovered ia this manner. This often makes process control more difficult because some reaction by-products can affect the rate of polymerization and often the composition may vary. When recycle is used it is often done to control discharges iato the environment rather than to reduce monomer losses. 

Food processing operations can be optimi2ed according to the principles used for other chemical processes if the composition, thermophysical properties, and stmcture of the food is known. However, the complex chemical composition and physical stmctures of most foods can make process optimi2ation difficult. Moreover, the quaUty of a processed product may depend more on consumer sensory responses than on measurable chemical or physical attributes. 

Decision Process. In many cases, the decision regarding the need for exposure reduction measures is obvious and no formal statistical procedure is necessary. However, as exposure criteria are lowered, and control becomes more difficult, close calls become more common, and a logical decision-making process is needed. A typical process is shown in Eigure 2. Even when decision making is easy it is useful to remember the process and the assumptions involved. Based on an evaluation, decisions are made regarding control. The evaluation and decision steps caimot be separated because the conduct of the evaluation, the strategy, measurement method, and data collection are all a part of the decision process. 

A new facihty should be located ia an area that is economically suitable (see Plant location). At the same time, the social, environmental, and aesthetic effects must be considered. These decisions are part of land-use pohcies. As of this writing (1996), there is no national land-use program. However, there are certain laws that cover portions of this decision-making process and some states have such programs. 

Recirculation. In the paper board industry, white water from a paper machine can be put through a saveaH to remove the pulp and fiber and then be recycled to various points in the paper-making process. 

The oxide exiting either the Barton or ball mill reactor is conveyed by an air stream to separating equipment, ie, settling tank, cyclone, and baghouse, after which it is stored in large hoppers or dmmmed for use in paste mixing. Purity of the lead feed stock is extremely critical because minute quantities of some impurities can either accelerate or slow the oxidation reaction markedly. Detailed discussions of the oxide-making process and product are contained in references 55—57. 

G. S. Sebestyen, Decision-Making Processes in Pattern Recognition MacMillan, New York, 1962. 

Process simulators stop generally at the process specifications for the equipment. For the detailed mechanical design of the equipment, such as heat exchangers and distillation columns, stand-alone programs are often used. They make process calculations, size the equipment, calculate thermal and mechanical stresses, design mechanical support of the parts of the equipment, design inlet and outlet nozzles, etc. 

The analysis of a risk—that is, its estimation—leads to the assessment of that risk and the decision-making processes of selecting the appropriate level of risk reduction. In most studies this is an iterative process of risk analysis and risk assessment until the risk is reduced to some specified level. The subjec t of acceptable or tolerable levels of risk that coiild be applied to decision making on risks is a complex subject which will not oe addressed in this section. 

For all risk measures it is possible to estimate the risk level of the current process as well as the risk levels from incorporation of various risk reduction alternatives. Management can then use this information as an important input in the final risk decision-making process. 

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