Switzerland substantiation

Switzerland s authorities and economic sector are working closely together to implement the ORDEA. A uniform enforcement practice and substantial input from the companies are important prerequisites for success, to which their present guidelines will contribute. 

The experimental aspects of this study were focussed on two hard-water lakes in Switzerland, namely, the northern basin of Lake Zurich and Lake Sempach. The hydraulic residence time of Lake Zurich is 1.2 years. Most of the particles in the lake are produced directly or indirectly by biological processes within the lake itself (e.g., photosynthesis, CaC03 precipitation). Phosphorus removal has been implemented in recent years at all wastewater treatment plants discharging into the lake at present Lake Zurich can be described as between meso- and eutrophic. Lake Sempach has an average hydraulic residence time of 15.8 years as in Lake Zurich, particles in the lake waters are primarily autochthonous. Phosphorus concentrations have increased substantially and the lake is eutrophic. 

Fine-chemical companies vary substantially in size. The largest ones have sales of more than 500 million the smallest ones, a few million per year (see Table 2.1). The leading companies are typically divisions of large, diversified chemical companies. The majority are located in Europe, particularly along the axis Amsterdam (The Netherlands)/Basel (Switzerland)/Florence (Italy) and in the United Kingdom. 

An example for such a situation is given by the new deep Alpine tunnels, which are being constructed in Switzerland. The AlpTransit (NEAT) project comprises two long deep (overburden up to 2.5 Ion) tunnels, the Gotthard and Lotschberg Base Tunnels, which drain substantial quantities of warm water from the... 

Switzerland accommodates a substantial part of the Alpine chain, and there are over 700 road or railway tunnels in the country. The cover thickness is often considerable, which can lead to rock/water inflow temperatures of 40—50 °C. An examination of the geothermal potential of Swiss tunnels screened 150 tunnels, from which 15 objects were selected for more detailed studies (Arbeitsgemeinschaft ZEWI 1995, 1996, 1998 Fig. 7). Their heat potential is estimated to be greater than 30MWt (Table 3). The flow rates range from 360L/min (Ascona) to... 

The most solid demonstration of the association between analgesic abuse and renal failure has been provided by the two prospective controlled cohort studies performed in Switzerland and Belgium with a follow-up of 10 and 6 years, respectively [39, 40]. Although both studies differed substantially with respect to study populations, analgesics consumed and length of follow-up, reported odds ratio s were... 

Prior to 1957, all European refuse furnaces were lined with refractory and not with water tube walls, beginning in 1957 with the Berne, Switzerland plant, the use 6f water tube walls as the furnace enclosure has increased substantially. 

The incidences of perceptible formaldehyde in schools, homes, and offices can cause uncertainty among building users about the safety of living with formaldehyde. This uncertainty has led to the closing of schools in Germany, Switzerland and Eastern countries. In North America it was enhanced by the large scale installation of urea formaldehyde foam insulation (IIFFI), because a substantial part of this material was made from small scale resin batches prepared under questionable quality control conditions and was installed by unskilled operators (32), often in unsuitable locations. 

Synthesis of oxytocin was soon attempted in several laboratories. In 1955, Boissonnas and his group [25] in Basel, Switzerland, and in 1956, Rudinger and his associates [26] in Prague, Czechoslovakia, reported overall yields of about 5%. This was substantially higher than the yield achieved in New York. In both instances mixed anhydrides were used for the preparation of segments and the classical azide procedure of Curtius [27] (p. 26) for their combination into the molecule of the hormone. Further improvement both in yield (about 10%) and in the quality of the blocked nonapeptide intermediate was reported in a modified... 

The use of the substances on the list is harmed for two major reasons. The first is to provide the conditions of fair play. This is a very naive and idealistic thought. Does a Jamaican bobsleigh team has the same opportunities as its counterpart in Switzerland Another, and more down-to-earth reason is the protection of the health of athletes. A cortunon property of the prohibited substances is that their use involves substantial health risks. Doping agents usually art, if they act at all, by mobilizing the reserves of the human body. The body of a trained athlete can do this without the doping agent, so any further mobilization is at the expense of health. 

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