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Substantial production

Flame Retardants. The amount of research expended to develop flame-retardant (FR) finishes for cotton and other fabrics has been extremely large in comparison to the total amount of fabrics finished to be flame retardant. The extent of this work can be seen in various reviews (146—148). In the early 1960s, a substantial market for FR children s sleepwear appeared to be developing, and substantial production of fabric occurred. In the case of cotton, the finish was based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) or the corresponding sulfate (THPS). This chemical was partly neutralized to THPOH, padded on fabric, dried under controlled conditions, and ammoniated. The finish was subsequently oxidized, yielding a product that passed the test for FR performance. This process is widely preferred to the THPOH—NH process. [Pg.448]

It is common practice to refer to the molecular species HX and also the pure (anhydrous) compounds as hydrogen halides, and to call their aqueous solutions hydrohalic acids. Both the anhydrous compounds and their aqueous solutions will be considered in this section. HCl and hydrochloric acid are major industrial chemicals and there is also a substantial production of HF and hydrofluoric acid. HBr and hydrobromic acid are made on a much smaller scale and there seems to be little industrial demand for HI and hydriodic acid. It will be convenient to discuss first the preparation and industrial uses of the compounds and then to consider their molecular and bulk physical properties. The chemical reactivity of the anhydrous compounds and their acidic aqueous solutions will then be reviewed, and the section concludes with a discussion of the anhydrous compounds as nonaqueous solvents. [Pg.809]

Introduction of an additional methyl group on the donor atom of TMM moiety gives a low 33% yield of the perhydroindans (49, X=H2) and (50, X=H2) with substantial production of the diene by-products [24]. However, it is still remarkable that the reaction works at all since the corresponding intermolecular cycloaddition failed. Incorporation of a carbonyl moiety adjacent to the donor carbon atom doubles the yield of the cycloadducts to 66% (Scheme 2.15). This so-called acyl effect works by making the donor carbon of the TMM unit "softer," thus facilitating the initial step of the conjugate addition, as well as inhibiting base-induced side reactions [22]. [Pg.67]

The thermal desorption curve following the reaction of ethylene or propylene with 0 shows no substantial products in the gas up to 450 °C, and at that temperature CH is the primary product (19). These results suggest the following reactions, using ethylene as an example ... [Pg.136]

Tier I review A focused administrative but nonscientific labeling review of submissions for low-risk products. This type of review would include no evaluation of data to substantiate product performance claims. [Pg.63]

When sodium methylate or ethylate was prepared by direct reaction of sodium with an excess of alcohols and the resulting mixture was used as a dispersion in benzene to reduce aromatic nitro compounds, yields of azoxy compounds were quite low. With the higher alcohols, substantial production of azoxy compounds was observed. However, the reduction product mixture usually contained a 40 % yield of amino compounds. In a few examples, where benzyl alcohol was used to prepare sodium benzylate, only azoxy products and no amino by-products were formed. The scope of this preparation requires further study. [Pg.194]

Substantial production of Hg(3P0) atoms has been seen by Callear and McGurk (180). Continuous emissions that presumably originate from loose complexes between the Hg(3P0) atoms and the hydrocarbons have been observed near 2537 A (938). No HgH has been detected from the (3Pi) atom reactions with saturated hydrocarbons (177). [Pg.12]

Analysis—The firm had a substantial production problem and took corrective action however, in its review of the process it considered the changes it had made as being of minimal impact and subjected... [Pg.122]

Defluorinated Phosphate Rock. There is substantial production of defluorinated phosphate rock for fertilizer use in Japan (about 100,000 mt/year). Ground, high-grade rock is mixed with small proportions of sodium carbonate or sulfate and wet-process acid. The mixture is calcined at a temperature of 1350°C in an oil-fired rotary kiln 45.0 m in length and 2.7 m in diameter. The product contains 38-42 percent P205 of which more than 90 percent is soluble in neutral ammonium nitrate solution and is an effective fertilizer on acid soils. During the production of defluorinated phosphate rock, substantially all fluorine is driven off. Sodium bifluoride (NaHF2) is recovered as a byproduct. A similar product is made in the United States, but it is mainly used for animal feed supplement. [Pg.1133]

Having a complete analysis of the contents of the reaction vessel during the incubation can be helpful in another way It provides information on what is not present as well and since most other assay methods are designed to detect only one component, it is often difficult to account for a result that occurs unexpectedly during a study. For example, consider the results obtained during the purification of the enzyme E-l, which catalyzes the conversion of substrate A to product B. Consider also that the method used to follow activity measures only the amount of B in the incubation mixture. As illustrated in panel I of Figure 1.5, when the activity E-l is assayed in the crude sample, the formation of substantial product (B) is observed (graph line 1). [Pg.6]

The substantial production and metabolism of dopamine in the human GI tract appear to reflect functions of dopamine as an enteric neuromodulator or paracrine and/or autocrine substance. Dopamine and dopamine receptor agonists stimulate bicarbonate secretion and protect against ulcer formation, whereas dopamine antagonists augment secretion of gastric acid and promote ulcer development. Dopamine also appears to influence GI motility, sodium transport, and gastric and intestinal submucosal blood flow. In the pancreas, dopamine may modulate secretion of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate. [Pg.1044]

Eisenhofer G, Aneman A, Friberg P, Hooper D, Fandriks L, Lonroth H, et al. Substantial production of dopamine in the human gastrointestinal tract. [Pg.1067]

Since 1978 Canada, China, Norway and the U.K. have had substantial production increases, while the production of Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia declined. This decline was not the consequence of decreased reserves (Table 17.3). [Pg.566]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.319 , Pg.679 ]




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