India substantiation

English or Persian Walnuts. Walnuts are produced in more countries than any of the other tree nuts but production figures are unrehable. The United States is the leading producer of walnuts, at 234,913 t in 1990—1991 (valued at 279,720,000). Production, mostly in Califomia and Oregon, is nearly one-half of the world total. Many countries produce substantial quantities of walnuts. The USDA considers estimates of the commercial crop more rehable than the total yearly production figures, which in 1990—1991 were 152,500 t in China, 66,000 t in Turkey, 17,000 t in India, 13,000 t in Prance, and 12,000 t in Italy. Walnuts, both in-sheU and shelled, may be imported from many countries, eg. Prance, Italy, China, Turkey, and India. Most imported walnuts are smaller than domestic walnuts and are used by the confectionery and baking industries. 

The pattern of commercial production of 1,3-butadiene parallels the overall development of the petrochemical industry. Since its discovery via pyrolysis of various organic materials, butadiene has been manufactured from acetylene as weU as ethanol, both via butanediols (1,3- and 1,4-) as intermediates (see Acetylene-DERIVED chemicals). On a global basis, the importance of these processes has decreased substantially because of the increasing production of butadiene from petroleum sources. China and India stiU convert ethanol to butadiene using the two-step process while Poland and the former USSR use a one-step process (229,230). In the past butadiene also was produced by the dehydrogenation of / -butane and oxydehydrogenation of / -butenes. However, butadiene is now primarily produced as a by-product in the steam cracking of hydrocarbon streams to produce ethylene. Except under market dislocation situations, butadiene is almost exclusively manufactured by this process in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. 

A study in India found that pregnant women who cook over open biomass stoves have almost 50% greater chance of stillbirth, although there was no measured increase in neonatal death rates (Mavalankar et al., 1991). The main threat to pregnancy appears to come from carbon monoxide, which enters the blood in substantial amounts during cooking. 

Coal combustion provides a substantial fraction of world energy production, both thermal and electrical. In addition, coal and its semi-processed derivative, coke, are cheap chemical reductants essential to the extraction of a variety of metals from their ores (e.g., Fe, Mn, Cu). The market for coal is likely to increase over the next decade only slowly in developed countries but more rapidly in developing countries with suitable domestic resources (e.g., China, India). 

There has been substantial progress in the use of alternative sources of energy, such as nuclear and wind energy. The attitude to nuclear energy in different countries remains ambiguous. The number of nuclear reactors in the world (in NPSs) has increased to 437 due to the commissioning in 2007 of new reactors in China (4), South Korea (2), and the Czech Republic (1). In 2002, construction was started of six new reactors in India, and 26 others worldwide were in the process of construction (their combined power will be 20,959 MW). In the U.K. NPSs are considered uncompetitive, and Belgium plans to ban them by 2025. 

Despite the low average consumption of pesticides, in the sporadic reports available, it could be seen that even the roadside dusts, rural and urban soils and the underwater sediments are contaminated. Many pesticides are degrading the Indian environment, even though faster dissipation and possible degradation of POPs chemicals like HCHs and DDTs were observed in Indian soils by the tropical climate of India (Pillai, 1986). Such a phenomenon of dissipation in the dry season was substantiated by Ramesh et al. (1991) in the river sediments (Fig. 9.2). Further, the relative flux of residues into the aquatic environment is smaller than the amount volatilized to the atmosphere in tropical countries like India (Tanabe et al., 1991). 

Hazardous pesticides associated with global cotton production represent a substantial threat to global freshwater resources. Hazardous cotton pesticides are now known to contaminate rivers in USA, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Brazil, Australia, Greece and West Africa. In Brazil, the world s 4th largest consumer of agrochemicals, researchers tested rainwater for the presence of pesticides. 19 different chemicals were identified of which 12 were applied to cotton within the study area. 

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