Form: artificial substantial

Since there would be increased overall lipid concentration in the dodecane solution, we decided to create a sink condition in the acceptor wells, to lower the membrane retention. We discovered that the pH 7.4 buffer saturated with sodium laurel sulfate serves as an excellent artificial sink-forming medium. Since the new PAMPA membranes would possess substantial negative charge, the negatively charged micellar system was not expected to act as an aggressive detergent to the two-component artificial membrane infused in the microfilter. 

New insights into the analysis of hydrophobically post-translational modified proteins could be achieved by the construction of lipidated proteins in a combination of bioorganic synthesis of activated lipopeptides and bacterial expression of the protein backbone (Fig. 19). The physico-chemical properties of such artificial lipoproteins differ substantially from those of the corresponding lipopeptides. The pronounced dominance of the hydrophilic protein moiety (e.g., for the Ras protein 181 amino acids) over a short lipopeptide with one or two hydrophobic modifications provides solubility up to 10 4 mol/1, while the biotinylated or fluorescence labeled lipopeptides exhibit low solubility in aqueous solutions and can be applied in the biophysical experiments only in vesicle integrated form or dissolved in organic solvent. 

Expert systems represent a branch of artificial intelligence that has received enormous publicity in the last two to three years. Many companies have been formed to produce computer software for what is predicted to be a substantial market. This paper describes what is meant by the term expert system and the kinds of problems that currently appear amenable to solution by such systems. The physical sciences and engineering disciplines are areas for application that are receiving considerable attention. The reasons for this and several examples of recent applications are discussed. The synergism of scientists and engineers with machines supporting expert systems has important implications for the conduct of chemical research in the future some of these implications are described. 

The Jerusalem artichoke can reproduce by two primary means. It can reproduce and colonize an area by the allocation of photosynthate and nutrients into both asexual (tubers and, to a lesser extent, rhizomes) and sexual (seed) reproductive organs. Flexibility in the amount of resources allocated between sexual and asexual means of reproduction confers a selective advantage in that conditions that inhibit or block sexual production (lack of pollen, herbivory of floral structures, undesirable weather) allow increased allocation to asexual reproduction. Artificially reduced allocation of resources to sexual reproduction, for example, results in a substantial increase in those allocated to asexual means. With flower bud removal, more (82 vs. 69) and larger (4.4 vs. 3.8 g) tubers were formed per plant than those with unlimited sexual reproduction (Wesdey, 1993). Total biomass was not altered, potentially indicating a relatively complete diversion of resources to asexual reproduction when sexual reproduction is blocked. From a reproductive standpoint, the risk of making it to the next season is high with sexual reproduction and relatively low with asexual reproduction. Increased investment in tubers increases the opportunity for sexual reproduction in the future. 

Livestock are domesticated species, which have been genetically modified over time through the artificial selection of desirable traits by humans, with a view to increasing the docility of the animals, their size and productivity, their quality as agricultural products, and other culturally desired features. Some species of livestock no longer occur in their original, non-domesticated, free-living form, and they are totally dependent on humans for their continued existence. However, humans are also substantially dependent on their livestock for sustenance and other purposes. Consequently, the symbiotic relationship between humans and their domestic livestock could be termed a mutualism, that is, a mutually beneficial relationship between two species. 

Substantial efforts have been devoted to the development of molecular sensors for dopamine. Raymo et al.70 reported a two-step procedure to coat silica particles with fluorescent 2,7-diazapyrenium dications sensing toward dopamine. The analysis of the fluorescence decay with multiple-equilibria binding model revealed that the electron deficient dications and the electron-rich analytes form 1 1 and 1 2 complexes at the particle/water interface. The interfacial dissociation constants of the 1 1 complexes were 5.6mM and 3.6mM for dopamine and catechol, respectively. Dopamine was dominated by the interaction of its electron-rich dioxyarene fragment with the electron-deficient fluorophore in neutral aqueous environments. Ahn et al.71 reported tripodal oxazoline-based artificial receptors, capable of providing a preorganized hydrophobic environment by rational design, which mimics a hydrophobic pocket predicted for a human D2 receptor. A moderate binding affinity, a dissociation constant of 8.2 mM was obtained by NMR titrations of tripodal oxazoline-based artificial receptor with dopamine in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Structurally related ammonium ions, norepinephrine, 2-phenylethylamine,... 

Greenspan [31] outline the transformation of the Eulerian equations governing the motion of an incompressible viscous fluid from an inertial to a rotational frame. The transformation of the Navier-Stokes equations simply results in adding the artificial forces in the momentum balance. The additional equations are apparently not changed as the substantial derivative of scalar functions are Galilean invariant so the form of the terms do not change. 

Thomas s rejection of alchemy is similar to that of Albert except that the former introduces the concept of the virtus loci—the power of a specific place. His idea is that metals can be generated only by natural heat operating in the subterranean chambers where ores and metals come into being. It is a priori impossible for man to make metals artificially, since he cannot erect his laboratories in the hidden subterranean depths where the mineralizing power operates with the aid of solar heat. Like Albert, however, Thomas is using alchemy to determine the limits of demonic power. Since man cannot induce just any substantial form on matter, it follows that demons are subject to a similar limitation. Alchemy once again serves as the touchstone by which all arts, including those of Lucifer and his minions, are measured. 

As in Avicenna s Sciant artifices, which was probably his inspiration, Thomas thinks of distillation carried out in a laboratory or workshop as altering only the external accidents of a given substance. Rosewater and alchemical waters are in fact artificial, but since art is weaker than nature, a natural substantial form lurks beneath their deceptively watery appearance. 

Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae, 12 67. A similar view underlies Thomas s position on the making of the sacramental host. If one uses artificial water, such as rosewater, the result will not be true bread (veruspanis) because the substantial form of bread will be lacking. See Summa theologiae, Tertia Pars, Quaestio 74, Articulus 7, Ad tertium. 

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